Editing Funj Sultanate (section)

{{Short description|Confederation of monarchies in northeast Africa from 1504 to 1821}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name            = السلطنة الزرقاء {{in lang|ar}}<br />''As-Saltana az-Zarqa''
| conventional_long_name = Funj Sultanate
| common_name            = Sennar
| era                    = Early modern period
| status                 = Confederation, vassal of Ottoman empire
| status_text            = [[Confederation]] of sultanates and dependent tribal emirates under Sennar's [[suzerainty]]
<ref>{{Country study |country=Sudan |abbr=sd |editor=Helen Chapin Metz |editor-link=Helen Chapin Metz |date=June 1991 |section=The Funj |author=Ofcansky, Thomas |pd=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109014514/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sdtoc.html |archivedate=9 January 2009}}</ref>
| government_type        = Islamic Monarchy
<!--- Rise and fall, events, years and dates --->| year_start             = 1504
| year_end               = 1821
| event_end              = [[Egyptian conquest of Sudan (1820–1824)|Conquered by Egypt]]
| date_end               = 14 June
| event1                 = 
| date_event1            = 
| event2                 = 
| date_event2            = 
| event3                 = 
| date_event3            = 
| event4                 = 
| date_event4            = 
| event_post             = Annexed to [[Egypt Province, Ottoman Empire]]{{Ref label|annexation|a|}}
| date_post              = 13 February 1841
<!--- Flag navigation: Preceding and succeeding entities p1 to p5 and s1 to s5 --->| p1                     = Alodia
| flag_p1                = Possible Flag of the Kingdom of Alodia (c. 1350).svg
| image_p1               = 
| s1                     = Egypt Eyalet
| flag_s1                = Flag of Egypt (1793-1844).svg
| image_flag             = 
| flag_alt               = 
| flag                   = 
| flag_type              = 
| image_coat             = Royal Funj "wasm" (branding mark).png
| coat_alt               = 
| symbol                 = 
| symbol_type            = Funj [[human branding|branding mark]] (''al-wasm'')
| image_map              = Funj Sultanate 1700.png
| image_map_alt          = 
| image_map_caption      = The Funj Sultanate at its peak in around 1700
| capital                = [[Sennar]]
| national_motto         = 
| national_anthem        = 
| common_languages       = [[Arabic]] <small>(official language, [[lingua franca]] and language of [[Islam]], increasingly spoken language)</small><ref>{{harvnb|McHugh|1994|p=9}}, "The spread of Arabic flowed not only from the dispersion of Arabs but from the unification of the Nile by a government, the Funj sultanate, that utilized Arabic as an official means of communication, and from the use of Arabic as a trade language."</ref><br/> [[Nubian languages]] <small>(native tongue, increasingly replaced by Arabic)</small>{{sfn|James|2008|pp=68–69}}
| religion               = [[Sunni Islam]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Trimingham |first=J. Spencer |author-link=J. Spencer Trimingham |others=Abbreviated and adapted by F. R. C. Bagley |title=The Last Great Muslim Empires |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cPlP5Y4of7AC&pg=PA167 |edition=2nd |series=History of the Muslim World, 3 |year=1996 |publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers |location=Princeton, NJ |isbn=978-1-55876-112-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/lastgreatmuslime00frcb/page/167 167] |quote=The date when the Funj rulers adopted [[Islam]] is not known, but must have been fairly soon after the foundation of Sennār, because they then entered into relations with Muslim groups over a wide area. |chapter=Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa, till the 19th century |url=https://archive.org/details/lastgreatmuslime00frcb/page/167 }}</ref> <br/>[[Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria|Coptic Christianity]]
| currency               = [[barter]]{{Ref label|currency|c|}}
<!--- Titles and names of the first and last leaders and their deputies --->| leader1                = [[Amara Dunqas]] (first)
| leader2                = [[Badi VII]] (last)
| year_leader1           = 1504–1533/4
| year_leader2           = 1805–1821
| title_leader           = [[#Rulers|Sultan]]
<!--- Legislature --->| legislature            = Great Council [[Shura]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Welch |first=Galbraith |title=North African Prelude: The First Seven Thousand Years |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH1yAAAAMAAJ&q=great+council |format=snippet view |access-date=12 August 2010 |year=1949 |publisher=W. Morrow |location=New York |oclc=413248 |page=463 |quote=The government was semirepublican; when a sultan died the great council picked a successor from among the royal children. Then—presumably to keep the peace—they killed all the rest.}}</ref>
<!--- Area and population of a given year --->| stat_year1             = 1820
| stat_area1             = 
| stat_pop1              = 
| today                  = [[Sudan]] <br /> [[Eritrea]] <br /> [[Ethiopia]]
| footnotes              = {{note|annexation}}a. [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt]] was granted the non-hereditary governorship of Sudan by an 1841 [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] ''[[firman (decree)|firman]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://modernegypt.bibalex.org/TxtViewer/TextViewer.aspx?ID=20038&type=Document |script-title=ar:فرمان سلطاني إلى محمد علي بتقليده حكم السودان بغير حق التوارث |publisher=Memory of Modern Egypt Digital Archive |location=Bibliotheca Alexandrina |language=ar |trans-title=Sultanic ''Firman'' to Muhammad Ali Appointing Him Ruler of the Sudan Without Hereditary Rights |access-date=12 August 2010|title=Text Viewer }}</ref>
{{note|population}}b. Estimate for entire area covered by modern Sudan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Avakov |first=Alexander V. |title=Two Thousand Years of Economic Statistics: World Population, GDP, and PPP |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kRZ6Rw5ebLAC&pg=PA18 |year=2010 |publisher=Algora Publishing |location=New York |isbn=978-0-87586-750-2|page=18}}</ref>

{{note|currency}}c. The Funj mostly did not mint coins and the markets rarely used coinage as a form of exchange.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/Anderson.pdf |title=A Mamluk Coin from Kulubnarti, Sudan |first=Julie R. |last=Anderson |year=2008 |journal=British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan |issue=10 |page=68 |access-date=12 August 2010 |quote=Much further to the south, the Funj Sultanate based in Sennar (1504/5–1820), rarely minted coins and the markets did not normally use coinage as a form of exchange. Foreign coins themselves were commodities and frequently kept for jewellery. Units of items such as gold, grain, iron, cloth and salt had specific values and were used for trade, particularly on a local level.}}</ref> Coinage didn't become widespread in cities until the 18th century. French surgeon J. C. Poncet, who visited Sennar in 1699, mentions the use of foreign coins such as [[Spanish real]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pinkerton |first=John |author-link=John Pinkerton |title=A General Collection of the Best and Most Interesting Voyages and Travels in All Parts of the World |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LiAnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA71 |volume=15 |year=1814 |publisher=Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme |location=London |oclc=1397394 |page=71 |chapter=Poncet's Journey to Abyssinia}}</ref>
}}

The '''Funj Sultanate''', also known as '''Funjistan''', '''Sultanate of Sennar''' (after its capital [[Sennar]]) or '''Blue Sultanate''' (due to the traditional Sudanese convention of referring to black people as blue)<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Bender|first1= M. Lionel|date= 1983|title= Color Term Encoding in a Special Lexical Domain: Sudanese Arabic Skin Colors|url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/30027653|journal= Anthropological Linguistics|volume= 25|issue= 1|pages= 19–27|jstor= 30027653|access-date= 15 March 2021}}</ref> ({{Langx|ar|السلطنة الزرقاء|translit=al-Sulṭanah al-Zarqāʼ}}),<ref>[[#Ogo99|Ogot 1999]], p. 91</ref> was a [[monarchy]] in what is now [[Sudan]], northwestern [[Eritrea]] and western [[Ethiopia]]. Founded in 1504 by the [[Funj people]], it quickly converted to [[Islam]], although this conversion was only nominal. Until a more orthodox form of Islam took hold in the 18th century, the state remained an "African empire with a Muslim [[façade]]".{{sfn|Loimeier|2013|p=141}} It reached its peak in the late 17th century, but declined and eventually fell apart in the 18th and 19th centuries. In 1821, the [[Badi VII|last sultan]], greatly reduced in power, surrendered to the [[Egyptian conquest of Sudan (1820–1824)|Ottoman Egyptian invasion]] without a fight.<ref name="Moorehead"/>