Editing Iskandar of Johor (section)

{{Short description|Yang di-Pertuan Agong from 1984 to 1989}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Iskandar
{{nobold | {{Ubl
  | {{native name|ms-arab|إسكندر|italics=no|paren=omit}}
  }}}}
| title        = Al-Mutawakkil Alallah (The Leaner on God)
| image        = SI Potret 0001 (4to3 portrait, closeup).jpg
| caption      = 
| succession   = [[King of Malaysia]]
| reign        = 26 April 1984 – 25 April 1989
| coronation   = 15 November 1984
| cor-type     = Malaysia
| predecessor  = [[Ahmad Shah of Pahang|Ahmad Shah]]
| successor    = [[Azlan Shah of Perak|Azlan Shah]]
| succession2  = [[Sultan of Johor]]
| reign2       = 11 May 1981 – 22 January 2010
| predecessor2 = [[Ismail of Johor|Ismail]]
| successor2   = [[Ibrahim Ismail of Johor|Ibrahim]]
| full name    = Tunku Mahmood Iskandar ibni Tunku Ismail
| regnal name  = Baginda Almutawakil Alallah Sultan Iskandar ibni Almarhum Sultan Ismail
| spouse       = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Josephine Ruby Trevorrow]] ''(Khalsom binti Abdullah)''|1956|1962|end=div}}
* {{marriage|[[Tunku Puan Zanariah|Sultanah Zanariah]]|1961}}
}}
| issue        = {{plainlist|
* Tunku Kamariah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah
* Tunku Zabedah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah
* [[Ibrahim Ismail of Johor|Tunku Ibrahim Ismail]]
* [[Tunku Azizah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah|Tunku Hajah Azizah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah]]
* Tunku Mariam Zaharah
* Tunku Noraini Fatimah
* Tunku Maimunah Ismailiah
* [[Tunku Abdul Majid|Tunku Abdul Majid Idris Ismail Ibrahim]]
* Tunku Muna Najiah
* Tunku Aminah Kalsum Masera Marian Zahira Iskandariah
}}
| house        = House of Temenggong
| father       = [[Ismail of Johor|Sultan Ismail Ibni Almarhum Sultan Ibrahim Al-Masyhur]]
| mother       = Sultanah Ungku Tun Aminah Binti Ungku Ahmad
| birth_date   = {{birth date|df=yes|1932|04|08}}
| birth_place  = Istana Semayam, [[Johor Bahru|Johor Bahru, Johor]], [[Unfederated Malay States]]
| death_date   = {{death date and age|df=yes|2010|01|22|1932|08|04}}
| death_place  = Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| burial_date  = 23 January 2010
| burial_place = [[Mahmoodiah Royal Mausoleum]], Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| religion     = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}
'''Sultan Iskandar ibni Almarhum Sultan Ismail'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=JOHOR (Sultanate) |url=http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/states/malaysia/johor.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210141332/http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/states/malaysia/johor.html |archive-date=10 February 2009 |access-date=3 January 2009}}</ref><ref>''Negara Brunei Darussalam: A Biographical Dictionary (1860–1996)'', Horton, pg 290</ref><ref>''Siapa kebal, Mahathir atau raja-raja Melayu?'', Yahaya Ismail, pg 42</ref> ([[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]]: {{lang|ms-arab|المتوكل على ﷲ سلطان إسكندر الحاج ابن المرحوم سلطان إسماعيل الخالدي}}; 8 April 1932 – 22 January 2010) was [[Sultan of Johor]], succeeding his father [[Ismail of Johor|Sultan Ismail]] upon the latter's death in 1981. He reigned as the eighth [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]], the constitutional monarch of Malaysia, from 1984 to 1989. Sultan Iskandar's reign as Sultan of Johor lasted almost 29 years until his death in 2010. 

His children are married into the different royal houses of Malaysia. His eldest daughter Tunku Kamariah married the Tengku Laksamana of Selangor, [[Tengku Sulaiman Shah]]. His successor and eldest son Sultan [[Ibrahim Iskandar of Johor|Ibrahim Iskandar]] married [[Raja Zarith Sofiah]] of the Perak royal family. His daughter [[Tunku Azizah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah]] married the heir apparent of Pahang, now Sultan [[Abdullah of Pahang|Abdullah]]. His younger son [[Tunku Abdul Majid]] married a member of the [[Kedah]] royal family, Tunku Teh Mazni.

As was the case with his grandfather, Sultan [[Ibrahim of Johor|Ibrahim]],<ref>'' Johore and the Origins of British Control'', Nesalamar Nadarajah, pg 128</ref> Sultan Iskandar's independent mindset resulted in strained relations with the Malaysian federal government on numerous occasions. This was most prevalent during his time as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong,<ref>''Asian Recorder'' (1984), pg 17808</ref> as there were a number of notable public incidents involved Sultan Iskandar.<ref name="Low_185">''Constitutional Heads and Political Crises: Commonwealth Episodes, 1945–85 (1988)'', Low, pg 185</ref> Nevertheless, Sultan Iskandar was reputed to show great concern for his subjects, and was held in high esteem by many of his subjects–particularly the [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]] and [[Orang Asli]]s.<ref name="Thanam Visvanathan">Thanam Visvanathan, ''Ruler with deep concern for people–Sultan Iskandar revered as protective guardian and helpful to all his subjects'', pg 1, 8 April 2001, [[New Straits Times|New Sunday Times]] ''Special'' (Sultan of Johor's Birthday)</ref> His time as the Sultan of Johor was marred by accusations of violence and brutality. Sultan Iskandar was notorious for his bad temper which often resulted in violent episodes of rage and brutality to members of his staff and the general public. The [[1993 amendments to the Constitution of Malaysia#Gomez Incident|1992 Gomez incident]] surrounding the Sultan eventually culminated in the removal of "legal immunity" for members of the royal family.

Sultan Iskandar is reputed to have been a staunch disciplinarian, with willingness to occasionally voice personal opinions on governmental issues. On the personal side, subjects who approached the Sultan in his later years described him as a person with a warm<ref name="InspiringRuler">[http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/4/8/nation/17342774&sec=nation Inspiring ruler] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304014033/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2007%2F4%2F8%2Fnation%2F17342774&sec=nation |date=4 March 2009 }}, Nelson Benjamin, 8 April 2007, [[The Star (Malaysia)]]</ref> and generous personality.<ref name="thestar.com.my">[http://thestar.com.my/metro/story.asp?file=/2008/4/8/southneast/20871480&sec=southneast Johor Sultan's birthday celebration at Dataran Bandaraya in JB today] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304004927/http://thestar.com.my/metro/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F4%2F8%2Fsouthneast%2F20871480&sec=southneast |date=4 March 2009 }}, 8 April 2008, [[The Star (Malaysia)]]</ref> However, past critics had also argued that Sultan Iskandar was a person with a turbulent temper.<ref name="TanCK5">Tan, Chee Khoon (1985), pg 5</ref><ref>Milne, Mauzy (1999), pg 32</ref> These claims were made by citing records of notorious incidents,<ref>Clad (1989), pg 57</ref> which include an experience of being disinherited from being the Tunku Mahkota of Johor (or [[Crown Prince]] in English) by his father, in 1961, as well as a series of alleged criminal acts occurring between the 1970s and the 1990s which were published in the press and provoked widespread moral outrage within the Malaysian public.<ref name="KamarulAbdullah">Abdullah (2003), pg 148</ref><ref>Kershaw (2001), pg 102–3</ref>

During his younger days as a [[Malay titles|prince]],<ref name="Tunku">[[Malay titles|Tunku]] is spelled as in Johor. ''Tengku Ahmad Rithauddeen: His Story'', K.N. Nadarajah, pg 50</ref> Iskandar was commonly known by his first name, "Mahmood"<ref>''Facts on File Yearbook'', by Facts on File, inc., 1957, Phrase: "Married: Prince Tunku Mahmud, 24, grandson of the Sultan of Johore, & Josephine Ruby Trevorrow, 21, daughter of an English textile&nbsp;..."</ref><ref>''Malaysia'', by British Association of Malaysia, British Association of Malaysia and Singapore, Phrase: " Mahmood of Jo-hore. On 5 August 1960, at the Istana Bukit&nbsp;..."</ref> or his full name "Mahmood Iskandar". He largely discontinued the use of his first name after he became Sultan in 1981,<ref>Andresen (1992), pg 138</ref> although some people occasionally referred to him by his full name.<ref>[http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=45376 Demolish causeway: Johor Sultan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304181136/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=45376 |date=4 March 2009 }}, 5 November 2006, Dailyexpress</ref><ref name="_Azizah"/>