Editing Sultanate of Rum (section)

{{short description|Turkish state in central Anatolia from 1077 to 1308}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Sultanate of Rum
| native_name            = {{native name|tr|Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti}}
<br />{{native name|fa|سلجوقیان روم}}<br/>{{lang|fa-Latn|Saljūqiyān-i Rūm}}
| status                 = {{Plainlist|
*Independent sultanate (1077–1243)
*[[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] vassal (1243–1256)
*[[Ilkhanate|Ilkhanid]] vassal (1256–1308)
}}
| government_type        = {{ubli|[[Hereditary monarchy]]|[[Triumvirate|Triarchy]] (1249–1254)|[[Diarchy]] (1257–1262)}}
| year_start             = 1077
| year_end               = 1308
| p1                     = Byzantine Empire under the Doukas dynasty{{!}}Byzantine Empire
| p2                     = Seljuk Empire
| p3                     = Danishmends
| p4                     = Mengujekids
| p5                     = Saltukids
| p6                     = Artuqids
| s1                     = Anatolian beyliks
| s2                     = Ilkhanate|<!-- Please do not put the flag-based succession box here: the successor states are far too numerous and none possess verifiable flags.-->
| event_pre              = [[Battle of Manzikert]]
| date_pre               = 1071
| event_start            = [[Seljuk Empire#Division of empire|Division from the Seljuk Empire]]
| event1                 = [[Battle of Köse Dağ]]
| date_event1            = 1243
| event_end              = [[Karamanids|Karamanid conquest]]
| image_flag             = Double-headed eagle of the Sultanate of Rum.svg <!-- The flag was not recorded. -->
| flag_size              = 100px
| flag_type              = [[Double-headed eagle#Adoption in the Turkic and Muslim world|Double-headed eagle used by the Rum Seljuks]]
| flag_border            = no
| image_coat             = Seljuk Lion and Sun.svg
| coa_size               = 100px
| symbol_type_article    = Lion and Sun#Iranian and Turkic dynasties
| symbol_type            = Lion and Sun adopted by Kaykhusraw II
| image_map              = Sultanate of Rûm.svg
| image_map_size         = 285px
| image_map_caption      = Expansion of the Sultanate, {{circa|1100–1240}}
  {{legend|#459eb8ff|Sultanate of Rum in 1100}}
  {{legend|#7dbcd0ff|Conquered from the Danishmendids up to 1174}}
  {{legend|#95c7d7ff|Conquered from the Byzantines up to 1182}}
  {{legend|#cde6ecff|Other conquests until 1243}}
| capital                = {{plainlist|
* [[Nicaea]] ([[İznik]])
* (1077–1097)
* [[Konya|Iconium (Konya)]]
* (1097–1308)
* [[Sivas|Sebastia (Sivas)]]
* (1211–1220)
}}
| religion               = [[Sunni Islam]] (official), [[Greek Orthodox]] (majority of population)<ref>A.C.S. Peacock and Sara Nur Yildiz, ''The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East'', (I. B. Tauris, 2015), 265.</ref>
| common_languages       = {{ubl
 | [[Persian language|Persian]] (official)<ref>Grousset, Rene, ''The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia'', (Rutgers University Press, 2002), 157; "...the Seljuk court at Konya adopted Persian as its official language."</ref><ref>Bernard Lewis, ''Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire'', (University of Oklahoma Press, 1963), 29; "The literature of Seljuk Anatolia was almost entirely in Persian...".</ref>
 | [[Arabic]] (on coins){{sfn|Mecit|2013|p=82}}
 | [[Byzantine Greek]]<ref>Andrew Peacock and Sara Nur Yildiz, ''The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East'', (I. B. Tauris, 2013), 132; "''The official use of the Greek language by the Seljuk chancery is well known''".</ref>
 | [[Old Anatolian Turkish]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Early Mystics in Turkish Literature|first=Mehmed Fuad |last=Koprulu|year=2006|page=207}}</ref>
}}
| title_leader           = [[List of Seljuk sultans of Rum|Sultan]]
| leader1                = [[Suleiman ibn Qutalmish]] (first)
| year_leader1           = 1077–1086
| leader3                = [[Mesud II]] (last)
| year_leader3           = 1303–1308
| common_name            = Rum
| today                  = [[Turkey]]
}}
The '''Sultanate of Rum'''{{efn|Also referred to as the '''Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate''' ({{langx|fa|سلجوقیان روم|Saljûqiyân-i Rûm|lit=Seljuks of Rûm}}), the '''Sultanate of Iconium''', the '''Anatolian Seljuk State''' ({{langx|tr|Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti}}) or the '''Seljuks of Turkey''' ({{lang|tr|Türkiye Selçukluları}})<ref>Beihammer, Alexander Daniel (2017). ''Byzantium and the Emergence of Muslim-Turkish Anatolia, ca. 1040–1130''. New York: Routledge. p. 15.</ref>}} was a culturally [[Turco-Persian]] Sunni Muslim state, established over conquered [[Byzantine]] territories and peoples ([[Rum (endonym)|Rum]]) of [[Anatolia]] by the [[Seljuk Turks]] following their [[Turkic migration|entry]] into [[Anatolia]] after the [[Battle of Manzikert]] in 1071. The name ''Rum'' was a synonym for the medieval [[Eastern Roman Empire]] and its peoples, as it remains in modern [[Turkish language|Turkish]].<ref>Alexander Kazhdan, "Rūm" ''The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium'' (Oxford University Press, 1991), vol. 3, p. 1816.
[[Paul Wittek]], ''Rise of the Ottoman Empire'', Royal Asiatic Society Books, Routledge (2013), [https://books.google.com/books?id=FQwukvsKY-AC&pg=PA81 p. 81]:
"This state too bore the name of Rûm, if not officially, then at least in everyday usage, and its princes appear in the Eastern chronicles under the name '''Seljuks of Rûm''' (Ar.: {{lang|ar-Latn|Salâjika ar-Rûm}}). A. Christian Van Gorder, ''Christianity in Persia and the Status of Non-muslims in Iran'' p. 215: "The Seljuqs called the lands of their sultanate ''Rûm'' because it had been established on territory long considered 'Roman', ''i.e.'' Byzantine, by Muslim armies."</ref> The name is derived from the [[Aramaic]] ({{tlit|syc|romī}}) and [[Parthian language|Parthian]] ({{tlit|xpr|frwm}}) names for [[ancient Rome]], via the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{lang|grc|Ῥωμαῖοι}} ({{tlit|grc|Romaioi}}) meaning the [[Anatolia]].{{sfn|Shukurov|2020|p=145}}<ref name="oxfordreference">{{Cite book |last=Everett-Heath |first=John |title=The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-0191866326 |volume=1 |chapter=Anatolia |doi=10.1093/acref/9780191866326.001.0001 |access-date=5 December 2018 |chapter-url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191866326.001.0001/acref-9780191866326-e-258 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206102228/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191866326.001.0001/acref-9780191866326-e-258 |archive-date=6 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Sultanate of Rum seceded from the [[Seljuk Empire]] under [[Suleiman ibn Qutalmish]] in 1077. It had its capital first at [[Nicaea]] and then at [[Iconium]]. It reached the height of its power during the late 12th and early 13th century, when it succeeded in taking key Byzantine ports on the [[Antalya|Mediterranean]] and [[Sinop, Turkey|Black Sea]] coasts. In the east, the sultanate reached [[Lake Van]]. Trade through Anatolia from Iran and [[Central Asia]] was developed by a system of [[caravanserai]]. Especially strong trade ties with the [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] formed during this period. The increased wealth allowed the sultanate to absorb other Turkish states that had been established following the conquest of Byzantine Anatolia: [[Danishmendids]], [[House of Mengüjek]], [[Saltukids]], [[Artuqids]].

The Seljuk sultans bore the brunt of the [[Crusades]] and eventually succumbed to the [[Mongol invasions and conquests|Mongol invasion]] at the 1243 [[Battle of Köse Dağ]]. For the remainder of the 13th century, the Seljuks acted as vassals of the [[Ilkhanate]].<ref name="John Joseph Saunders 1971">John Joseph Saunders, ''The History of the Mongol Conquests'' (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1971), 79.</ref> Their power disintegrated during the second half of the 13th century. The last of the Seljuk vassal sultans of the Ilkhanate, [[Mesud II]], was murdered in 1308. The dissolution of the Seljuk state left behind many small [[Anatolian beyliks]] (Turkish principalities), among them that of the [[Ottoman dynasty]], which eventually conquered the rest and reunited Anatolia to [[rise of the Ottoman Empire|become the Ottoman Empire]].