Editing Aerobic exercise (section)

== History ==
[[File:1896 Olympic marathon.jpg|thumb|Athletes training for the 1896 Olympic marathon]]
{{See also|Exercise#History|Fitness culture|History of physical training and fitness}}
[[Archibald Hill]], a British physiologist, introduced the concepts of [[VO2 max|maximal oxygen uptake]] and oxygen debt in 1922.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hale T | title = History of developments in sport and exercise physiology: A. V. Hill, maximal oxygen uptake, and oxygen debt | journal = Journal of Sports Sciences | volume = 26 | issue = 4 | pages = 365–400 | date = February 2008 | pmid = 18228167 | doi = 10.1080/02640410701701016 | s2cid = 33768722 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bassett DR, Howley ET | title = Maximal oxygen uptake: "classical" versus "contemporary" viewpoints | journal = Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise | volume = 29 | issue = 5 | pages = 591–603 | date = May 1997 | pmid = 9140894 | doi = 10.1097/00005768-199705000-00002 | doi-access = free }}</ref> German physician [[Otto Fritz Meyerhof|Otto Meyerhof]] and Hill shared the 1922 [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] for their independent work related to muscle energy metabolism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1922/summary/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1922|website=NobelPrize.org|access-date=2018-10-11}}</ref> Building on this work, scientists began measuring oxygen consumption during exercise. Henry Taylor at the [[University of Minnesota]] and Swedish scientists [[Per-Olof Åstrand]] and [[Bengt Saltin]] made notable contributions in the 1950s and 60s.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schantz P | title = Along paths converging to Bengt Saltin's early contributions in exercise physiology | journal = Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports | volume = 25 Suppl 4 | issue = S4 | pages = 7–15 | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26589112 | pmc = 4670711 | doi = 10.1111/sms.12594 }}</ref> Contributions were also made by the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory, Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre as well as various German universities.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Seiler S |date=2011|title=A Brief History of Endurance Testing in Athletes |url=http://www.sportsci.org/2011/ss.pdf |journal=Sportscience |volume=15 |issue= 5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uk.humankinetics.com/products/history-of-exercise-physiology|title=History of Exercise Physiology|website=Human Kinetics Europe|access-date=2018-10-11}}</ref>

After World War II, health-oriented recreational activities such as [[jogging]] became popular.<ref name=":0">[https://www.palgrave.com/gb/book/9780230507494 Fit Bodies. Fitness Culture and Gym] Sassatelli, Roberta. 2006.</ref> The [[Royal Canadian Air Force Exercise Plans]], developed by Dr. [[Bill Orban]] and published in 1961, helped to launch modern [[fitness culture]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-jun-22-he-62349-story.html|title=Going Back to the Basics With Calisthenics| vauthors = Krucoff C |date=1998-06-22|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=2018-10-08|issn=0458-3035|quote=In fact, the popularity of the Royal Canadian Air Force's calisthenics program in the late 1950s helped launch the modern fitness movement.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/canadas-fitness-movement-5-basic-exercises|title=Five basic exercises for fitness in 1961 |work=CBC Archives|access-date=2018-10-08|quote=The program became famous worldwide.}}</ref>

Physical therapists Col. [[Pauline Potts]] and Dr. [[Kenneth H. Cooper]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhu W | title = What a Journey! What a Contribution!-An Interview With Dr. Kenneth H. Cooper, the 'Father of Aerobics' | journal = Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport | volume = 89 | issue = 2 | pages = 135–142 | date = June 2018 | pmid = 29693511 | doi = 10.1080/02701367.2018.1452488 | s2cid = 13824541 }}</ref> both of the United States Air Force, advocated the concept of aerobic exercise. In the 1960s, Cooper started research into preventive medicine. He conducted the first extensive research on aerobic exercise on over 5,000 U.S. Air Force personnel<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_k-TTEFQTkkC|title=Aerobics| vauthors = Cooper KH |publisher=[[Bantam Books]]|year=1983|isbn=978-0553274479|edition=revised, reissue|orig-year=1968}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Netburn D |title=Dr. Kenneth Cooper got a nation moving through aerobics|date=March 30, 2009|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-mar-30-he-aerobics30-story.html|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> after becoming intrigued by the belief that exercise can preserve one's health. In 1966 he coined the term "aerobics". Two years later, in 1968, he published a book of the same name. In 1970, he created the Cooper Institute for non-profit research and education devoted to preventive medicine. He published a mass-market version of his book ''The New Aerobics'' in 1979. Cooper encouraged millions into becoming active and is now known as the "father of aerobics".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/aerobics-kenneth-cooper-to-receive-harvard-healthy-cup-award/|title="Father of Aerobics" Kenneth Cooper, MD, MPH to receive Healthy Cup Award from Harvard School of Public Health|date=2008-04-16|work=News|access-date=2018-10-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.clubindustry.com/forprofits/dr-kenneth-cooper-and-how-he-became-known-father-aerobics|title=Dr. Kenneth Cooper and How He Became Known as the Father of Aerobics|date=2008-09-01|work=Club Industry|access-date=2018-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009052640/https://www.clubindustry.com/forprofits/dr-kenneth-cooper-and-how-he-became-known-father-aerobics|archive-date=2018-10-09|url-status=dead}}</ref> Cooper's book inspired [[Jacki Sorensen]] to create aerobic dancing exercise routines, which grew in popularity in the 1970s in the U.S., and at the same time, Judi Missett developed and expanded [[Jazzercise]].

In the 1970s, there was a [[Running boom of the 1970s|running boom]]. It was inspired by the Olympics, the New-York marathon and the advent of cushioned shoes.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Running on Empty: An American Sports Tradition Fades|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/03/opinion/running-on-empty-an-american-sports-tradition-fades.html|access-date=2018-10-11|vauthors=Stracher C|work=The New York Times |date=3 November 2012 }}</ref>

Aerobics at home became popular worldwide after the release of ''[[Jane Fonda's Workout]]'' exercise video in 1982.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|url=https://lnu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:742709/FULLTEXT01 | vauthors = Andreasson J, Johansson T |title=The Fitness Revolution. Historical Transformations in the Global Gym and Fitness Culture |journal=Sport Science Review |date=1 January 2014 |volume=23 |issue=3–4 |doi=10.2478/ssr-2014-0006|s2cid=73636110 }}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebhc.org/sites/default/files/stern_0.pdf|title=The Fitness Movement and the Fitness Center Industry, 1960-2000| vauthors = Stern M |date=2008|website=Business and Economic History On-line|access-date=2018-10-07}}</ref> [[Step aerobics]] was popular in the 1990s, driven by a step product and program from [[Reebok]] shoes.