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Celtiberian language
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==Overview== Under the [[Celtic languages#Classification|P/Q Celtic hypothesis]], and like its Iberian relative [[Gallaecian]], Celtiberian is classified as a Q Celtic language, putting it in the same category as [[Goidelic]] and not [[P-Celtic]] like [[Gaulish]] or [[Brittonic languages|Brittonic]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Mallory |first=J. P. |year=1989 |title=In Search of the Indo-Europeans |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=0-500-05052-X |page=[https://archive.org/details/insearchofindoeu00jpma/page/106 106] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/insearchofindoeu00jpma/page/106 }}</ref> Under the [[Celtic languages#Classification|Insular/Continental Celtic hypothesis]], Celtiberian and Gaulish are grouped together as [[Continental Celtic languages]] but this grouping is [[paraphyly|paraphyletic]]: no evidence suggests the two shared any common innovation separately from [[Insular Celtic languages|Insular Celtic]]. According to Ranko Matasovic in the introduction to his 2009 ''Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic'' : "Celtiberian...is almost certainly an independent branch on the Celtic genealogical tree, one that became separated from the others very early."<ref>Ranko Matasovic 2009 ''Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic'' Leiden: Brill, 2009, p.13 https://archive.org/stream/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic/Etymological%20Dictionary%20of%20Proto-Celtic_djvu.txt</ref> Celtiberian has a fully inflected relative pronoun ''ios'' (as does, for instance, Ancient Greek), an ancient feature that was not preserved by the other Celtic languages, and the [[grammatical particle|particle]]s '''{{lang|xce|-kue}}''' 'and' < *''kʷe'' (cf. Latin ''-{{lang|la|que}}'', Attic Greek {{lang|grc|τε}} ''te''), '''{{lang|xce|nekue}}''' 'nor' < *''ne-kʷe'' (cf. Latin ''{{lang|la|neque}}''), '''{{lang|xce|ekue}}''' 'also, as well' < *''h₂et(i)-kʷe'' (cf. Lat. ''{{lang|la|atque}}'', Gaulish ''ate'', OIr. ''aith'' 'again'), ''ve'' "or" (cf. Latin enclitic ''{{lang|la|-ve}}'' and Attic Greek {{lang|grc|ἤ}} ''ē'' < Proto-Greek ''*ē-we''). As in [[Welsh language|Welsh]], there is an ''s''-[[subjunctive]], ''{{lang|cy|gabiseti}}'' "he shall take" (Old Irish ''gabid''), ''robiseti'', ''auseti''. Compare [[Umbrian]] ''ferest'' "he/she/it shall make" or [[Ancient Greek]] {{lang|grc|δείξῃ}} ''{{lang|grc-Latn|deiksēi}}'' (aorist subj.) / {{lang|grc|δείξει}} ''{{lang|grc-Latn|deiksei}}'' (future ind.) "(that) he/she/it shall show".
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