Editing Chinglish (section)

==Terminology==
[[File:Tiger Hill Pagoda Sign.JPG|thumb|right|A 2010 sign on the wall surrounding the [[Tiger Hill Pagoda]] warning tourists not to climb up. {{literal translation|Protect cultural heritages / climbing [is] dangerous.}}]]
The English word ''Chinglish'' is a [[portmanteau]] of ''Chinese'' and ''English''. The Chinese equivalent is ''Zhōngshì Yīngyǔ'' ({{lang-zh|t=中式英語|s=中式英语| l=Chinese-style English}}).

Chinglish can be compared with other [[interlanguage]] varieties of English, such as [[Britalian]] (from Italian), [[Czenglish]] (from Czech), [[Denglisch]] (German), [[Dunglish]] ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]), [[Franglais]] (French),
[[Greeklish]] (Greek), [[Manglish]] (Malaysia), [[Runglish]] (Russian),
[[Spanglish]] (Spanish), [[Swenglish]] (Swedish), [[Hunglish]] (Hungarian), [[Hebglish|Hebrish]] (Hebrew), [[Engrish]] (Japanese), [[Hinglish]] ([[Hindi language|Hindi]]), [[Konglish]] (Korean), [[Taglish]] ([[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]), [[Bislish]] ([[Visayan languages|Visayan]]), [[Singlish]] (in Singapore), [[Ponglish]] (Polish) and [[Tinglish]] ([[Thai language|Thai]]).

The ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' defines the [[noun]] and [[adjective]].
<blockquote> '''Chinglish''', ''n. and a. colloq.'' (freq. ''depreciative''). Brit. /ˈtʃɪŋglɪʃ/, U.S. /ˈtʃɪŋ(g)lɪʃ/. Forms: 19– '''Chinglish''', 19– '''Chenglish''' [rare]. [Blend of Chinese ''n''. and English ''n''. Compare earlier Japlish ''n''., Spanglish ''n''. Compare also Hinglish ''n.2'', Singlish ''n.2'']

'''A.''' ''n''. A mixture of Chinese and English; esp. a variety of English used by speakers of Chinese or in a bilingual Chinese and English context, typically incorporating some Chinese vocabulary or constructions, or English terms specific to a Chinese context. Also: the vocabulary of, or an individual word from, such a variety. Cf. Singlish n.2

'''B''' ''adj''. Of or relating to Chinglish; expressed in Chinglish.<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'' online edition, 2004.</ref></blockquote>
This dictionary cites the earliest recorded usage of ''Chinglish'' (noted as a [[jocular]] term) in 1957 and of ''Chinese English'' in 1857.<ref>Maurice Freedman (1957, 1970). [https://books.google.com/books?id=QChBAAAAIAAJ ''Chinese Family and Marriage in Singapore''], Johnson Reprint Corp., p. 101. "The noun ‘keep’ is sometimes used in Chinese-English. [Note] Sometimes jocularly referred to as ‘Chinglish’." S.v., ''lingua''. [[Matthew C. Perry]] and Robert Tomes (1857). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zr1MAAAAYAAJ ''The Americans in Japan: an abridgment of the government narrative of the U.S. expedition to Japan'']. D. Appelton. p. 179. "Many of the women speak a little of the lingua called Chinese English, or, in the cant phrase, pigeon {{sic}}."</ref> However, ''Chinglish'' has been found to date from as early as 1936, making it one of the earliest portmanteau words for a hybrid variety of English.<ref>Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity. ''English World-wide'', 39(1): 14. {{doi| 10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam}}</ref> Other colloquial portmanteau words for Chinese English include: ''Chenglish'' (recorded from 1979), ''Chinlish'' (1996), ''Chinenglish'' (1997), ''Changlish'' (2000) and ''Chinelish'' (2006).<ref>Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity. ''English World-wide'', 39(1): 23. {{doi| 10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam}}</ref>

[[File:Vocabulary, Silk Market, Beijing, China.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A 2007 sign from Beijing's [[Silk Street]], giving translations of common English phrases vendors may use when serving English speaking customers, as well as phrases advised against.]]
Chinglish commonly refers to a mixture of English with [[Modern Standard Mandarin]], but it occasionally refers to mixtures with [[Cantonese]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121105023831/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-18046164.html "Foreign tongues: Hong Kong.(corruption of English and Chinese in Hong Kong)"] ''The Economist'' 2 March 1996.</ref> [[Shanghainese]] and [[Taiwanese Hokkien]].<ref>Daniel J. Bauer, [http://www.chinapost.com.tw/commentary/the-china-post/daniel-j.-bauer/2009/05/10/207500/Chinglish-a.htm "Chinglish a problem for teachers"], ''The China Post'' 10 May 2009.</ref>

Chinglish contrasts with some related terms. [[Chinese Pidgin English]] was a [[lingua franca]] that originated in the 17th century. ''Zhonglish,'' a term for Chinese influenced by English, is a portmanteau of {{lang|zh-Latn|Zhōngwén}} ({{zhi |c=[[Wikt:中文|中文]] |l=Chinese language}}) and "English".<ref>[[Victor Mair]], [http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1108 "Xinhua English and Zhonglish"], Language Log, 4 February 2009.</ref><ref>[[Victor Mair]], [http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=2382 "Zhonglish: a high-impact ride?"], Language Log, 13 June 2010.</ref>

Some peculiar Chinese English cannot be labeled Chinglish because it is grammatically correct, and [[Victor Mair]] calls this emerging dialect "Xinhua English or New China News English", based on the [[Xinhua News Agency]]. Take for instance, this headline: "China lodges solemn representation over Japan's permission for [[Rebiya Kadeer]]'s visit". This unusual English phrase literally translates the original Chinese {{lang|zh-Latn|tíchū yánzhèng jiāoshè
}} ({{zhi |t=提出嚴正交涉 |l=lodge solemn representation}}), combining {{lang|zh-Latn|tíchū}} "put forward; raise; pose bring up", {{lang|zh-Latn|yánzhèng}} "serious; stern; unyielding; solemn", and {{lang|zh-Latn|jiāoshè}} "mutual relations; negotiation; representation".<ref>[[Victor Mair]], [http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1610 "Protests, Complaints, and Representations"], Language Log, 29 July 2009.</ref> "Pure Chinese" is an odd English locution in a Web advertisement: "{{lang|zh-hant|孔子学院}}/ CONFUCIUS INSTITUTE/ Teach you pure Chinese." This {{lang|zh-Latn|Kǒngzǐ Xuéyuàn}} ({{lang|zh-hant|孔子学院}}) is Chinese for the [[Confucius Institute]], but Mair notes that "pure Chinese" curiously implies "impure Chinese".<ref>[[Victor Mair]], [http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=2589 "Pure Chinese?"], Language Log, 28 August 2010.</ref>

One author divides Chinglish into "instrumental" and "ornamental" categories. "Instrumental Chinglish is actually intended to convey information to English speakers. Ornamental Chinglish is born of the fact that English is the [[lingua franca]] of [[Cool (aesthetic)|coolness]]. Meaning aside, any combination of roman letters elevates a commodity – khaki pants, toilet paper, potato chips – to a higher plane of chic by suggesting that the product is geared toward an international audience."<ref>Abigail Lavin (2008), [https://web.archive.org/web/20181215013122/https://www.weeklystandard.com/abigail-lavin/feudal-to-translate "Feudal to Translate"], ''Weekly Standard'' 31 March 2008.</ref>