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==Overview== For example, in [[telecommunications]], the services and applications accessible on a cell phone on any given [[wireless]] device were formerly tightly controlled by the [[mobile operator]]s. The operators limited the applications and developers that were available on users' home portals and home pages.{{Citation needed|date=June 2016}} Thus, a service provider might restrict user access to users whose account exhausted the pre-paid money on their account. This has long been a central issue constraining the telecommunications sector, as developers face huge hurdles in making their applications available to end-users.{{Citation needed|date=June 2016}} In a more extreme example, the regulated 1970s American telephone system, [[Bell System|Bell]], owned all the hardware (including all phones) and had indirect control over the information sent through their infrastructure. It was an open government-sanctioned [[natural monopoly]] regulated by the [[Communications Act of 1934]]. However, in the landmark case ''[[Hush-A-Phone v. United States]]'', Bell unsuccessfully sued a company producing plastic telephone attachments. More generally, a walled garden can refer to a closed or exclusive set of information services provided for users. Similar to a real [[walled garden]], a user is unable to escape this closed environment except through the designated entry/exit points or if the walls are removed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Definition of: walled garden|url=https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,1237,t=walled+garden&i=54187,00.asp|website=PCmag.com |access-date=13 June 2012}}</ref>
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