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=={{anchor| Khadir | Bangar | Barani | Bagar| Nali | Nalli | Naali| khadir | bangar | barani | nali | nalli | naali| bagar}} Khadir, bangar, barani, nali and bagar== {{main|Khadir and Bangar}} {{See also|Bagar tract| Dhani_(settlement_type) | Chak_(village) | label 2 = Dhani | label 3 = Chak}} [[File:Khadir-and-bangar.jpg|thumb|150px|In any ''doab'', ''khadir'' land (green) lies next to a river, while ''bangar'' land (olive) has greater elevation and lies further from the river]] Since [[North India]] and [[Pakistan]] are coursed by a multiplicity of Himalayan rivers that divide the plains into ''doabs'' (i.e. regions between two rivers), the [[Indo-Gangetic plains]] consist of alternating regions of river, ''khadir'' and ''bangar''. The regions of the ''doabs'' near the rivers consist of low-lying, [[floodplains]], but usually, very fertile ''khadir'' and the higher-lying land away from the rivers consist of ''bangar'', less prone to flooding but also less fertile on average.<ref name="encybritt2010">{{Citation | title=Pakistan: Soils | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010 | url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1404392/bhangar | quote=''... khaddar soils. Away from the river, toward the middle of the doabs, older alluvial soils (called bangar) are widely distributed ...''}}</ref><ref name=ravi1>[https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=hi&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khaskhabar.com%2Flocal%2Fdelhi-ncr%2Fdelhi-news%2Fnews-art-of-living-responsible-to-damage-yamuna-khadar-said-ngt-news-hindi-1-277190-KKN.html Damage to Yamuna Khadar, Ravi Shankar's Art of Living Responsible: NGT], [http://www.khaskhabar.com Khas Khabar]. 7 Dec 2017.</ref> Khadir is also called '''nali''' or '''naili''', specially in northern Haryana the fertile [[prairie]] tract between the [[Ghaggar-Hakra River|Ghaggar]] river and the southern limits of the [[Drishadvati river|Saraswati channel depression]] in that gets flooded during the rains.<ref name=nali1>[https://archive.org/stream/imperialgazettee14grea/imperialgazettee14grea_djvu.txt "The imperial gazeteers of India, 1908"], [[British Raj]], page 288.</ref> Within bangar area, the '''barani''' is any low rain area where the rain-fed dry farming is practiced, which nowadays are dependent on the tubewells for irrigation.<ref name=bag1/> '''[[Bagar tract]]''', an example of barani land, is the dry sandy tract of land on the border of Rajasthan state adjoining the states of Haryana and Punjab.<ref name=bag1>E. Walter Coward, 1980, [https://books.google.com.sg/books?isbn=0801498716 "Irrigation and Agricultural Development in Asia: Perspectives from the social sciences"], [[Cornell University]] press, {{ISBN|0801498716}}.</ref> '''Nahri''' is any [[canal]]-irrigated land,<ref name=nali1/> for example, the ''Rangoi tract'' which is an area irrigated by the ''Rangoi channel/canal'' made for the purpose of carrying flood waters of Ghagghar river to dry areas.<ref name=rangoi1>1987, [http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf "gazetteer of India: Hisar District"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501213030/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf |date=1 May 2014 }}, page 7.</ref><ref name=landtypes1>1987, [http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/hisar_1987/Revenue_Administration.pdf "Gazeteers of Hisar district, 1987"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107072120/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/hisar_1987/Revenue_Administration.pdf |date=7 November 2017 }}, [[Government of Haryana]], page 162.]</ref> Historically, villages in the ''doabs'' have been officially classified as ''khadir'', ''khadir-bangar'' (i.e. mixed) or ''bangar'' for many centuries, and different agricultural tax rates applied based on a tiered land-productivity scale.<ref name="ref81pifip">{{Citation | title=Land Revenue Settlement of the Gurgaon District | author=F.C. Channing | year=1882 | publisher=Government of India | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75kIAAAAQAAJ | quote=''... The rates here applied were the same as those applied in the Bangar and Khadar circles and the same comparisons hold good ...''}}</ref><ref name="ref23qixic">{{Citation | title=Final report on the settlement of land revenue in the Delhi District | author=Oswald Wood, R. Maconachie | year=1882 | publisher=Government of India, 1882 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23EIAAAAQAAJ | quote=''... The Khadar-Bangar chak lies along the river; 37 villages are purely Khadar and 39 partly Khadar partly Bangar. The villages nearest the river are subject to inundations, but where the water runs off in time, the natural fertility of the ...''}}</ref>
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