Editing ExoMars (section)

== History ==
Since its inception, [[Exomars TGO|ExoMars]] has gone through several phases of planning with various proposals for landers, orbiters, launch vehicles, and international cooperation planning,<ref name="ExoMars">{{cite web |url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/exomars_2016.html |title=ExoMars |access-date=22 October 2013 |work=Russian Space Web}}</ref> such as the defunct 2009 [[Mars Exploration Joint Initiative]] (MEJI) with the United States.<ref name="CNet">{{cite news |first=William |last=Harwood |title=NASA budget boosts manned space, cuts Mars exploration |date=13 February 2012 |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-19514_3-57377062-239/nasa-budget-boosts-manned-space-cuts-mars-exploration/ |work=C Net News |quote="Tough choices had to be made," Bolden said. "This means we will not be moving forward with the planned 2016 and 2018 ExoMars mission that we had been exploring with the European Space Agency.}}</ref><ref name="cancellation">{{cite news |first=Megan |last=Whewell |title=Have Europe's Martian exploration plans been derailed by America? |date=15 February 2012 |publisher=MSN News |url=http://news.uk.msn.com/blog/the-space-blog-blogpost.aspx?post=1fac64fc-9e63-4c9c-9304-ce598c2ab71d |work=National Space Centre |access-date=15 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511105820/http://news.uk.msn.com/blog/the-space-blog-blogpost.aspx?post=1fac64fc-9e63-4c9c-9304-ce598c2ab71d |archive-date=11 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Originally, the ExoMars concept consisted of a large robotic rover being part of ESA's [[Aurora Programme]] as a ''Flagship mission'' and was approved by the European Space Agency ministers in December 2005. Originally conceived as a rover with a stationary ground station, ExoMars was planned to launch in 2011 aboard a Russian [[Soyuz (rocket family)|Soyuz]] [[Fregat]] rocket.<ref name="Europe's ExoMars rover">{{cite web |title=Europe's ExoMars rover... |date=28 August 2005 |url=http://www.spacetoday.org/SolSys/Mars/MarsExploration/MarsEuroRover.html |work=Space Today Online}}</ref>

ExoMars began in 2001 as part of the ESA Aurora program for the human exploration of Mars.<ref name="esa.int">{{Cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/ExoMars/ExoMars_frequently_asked_questions |title=ExoMars frequently asked questions / ExoMars / Space Science / Our Activities / ESA |access-date=29 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201183909/http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/ExoMars/ExoMars_frequently_asked_questions |archive-date=1 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> That initial vision called for rover in 2009 and later a [[Mars sample-return mission]].<ref name="esa.int"/> Another mission intended to support the Aurora program is a Phobos sample return mission.<ref name="esa.int"/> In December 2005, the different nations composing the [[ESA]] gave approval to the Aurora program and to ExoMars.<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Exploration/European_ministers_approve_the_Aurora_Exploration_Programme_and_give_green_light_for_the_ExoMars_mission ''European ministers approve the Aurora Exploration Programme and give green light for the ExoMars mission''], ESA, 12 December 2005</ref> Aurora is an optional program and each state is allowed to decide which part of the program they want to be involved in and to what extent (e.g. how much funds they want to put into the program).<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The Aurora program was initiated in 2002 with support of twelve nations: Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and Canada<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

In 2007, Canadian-based technology firm MacDonald Dettwiler and Associates Ltd. (MDA) was selected for a one-million-euro contract with [[EADS Astrium]] of Britain to design and build a prototype Mars rover chassis for the European Space Agency. Astrium was also contracted to design the final rover.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canada.com/globaltv/national/story.html?id=67e4d15d-5ecc-4db8-9fe3-f5d904694950&k=48686 |title=B.C. robotics firm lands Martian contract |publisher=CanWest News Service |date=18 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124024833/http://www.canada.com/globaltv/national/story.html?id=67e4d15d-5ecc-4db8-9fe3-f5d904694950&k=48686 |archive-date=24 November 2007  }}</ref>

[[File:MAX-C-Rover.jpg|thumb|upright|Concept of [[Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher|MAX-C rover]]]]
[[File:Oberhausen - Gasometer - Sternstunden 33 ies.jpg|thumb|ExoMars rover at exhibit in [[Gasometer Oberhausen]], Germany (2009)]]
[[File:ExoMars mission layout on MASK-2021 airshow.jpg|thumb|ExoMars rover at [[MAKS (air show)|MAKS-2021]]]]
[[File:25 Euro Österreich 2011 Robotik 89.jpg|thumb|upright|Austrian 25 Euro, released in 2011]]
In July 2009 NASA and ESA signed the [[Mars Exploration Joint Initiative]], which proposed to utilise an Atlas rocket launcher instead of a Soyuz, which significantly altered the technical and financial setting of the ExoMars mission. On 19 June, when the rover was still planned to piggyback the [[Mars Trace Gas Orbiter]], it was reported that a prospective agreement would require that ExoMars lose enough weight to fit aboard the Atlas launch vehicle with a NASA orbiter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spacenews.com/civil/nasa-could-take-role-european-exomars-mission.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208153312/http://www.spacenews.com/civil/nasa-could-take-role-european-exomars-mission.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2012 |title=NASA Could Take Role in European ExoMars Mission |work=Space News |date=19 June 2009}}</ref>

Then the mission was combined with other projects to a multi-spacecraft mission divided over two [[Atlas V]]-launches:<ref name="oct-proposal">{{cite news |first=Michael A. |last=Taverna |title=ESA Proposes Two ExoMars Missions |date=19 October 2009 |publisher=[[Aviation Week]] |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=space&id=news%2FExomars101909.xml&headline=ESA%20Proposes%20Two%20ExoMars%20Missions |access-date=23 October 2009 |archive-date=14 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114093557/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=space&id=news%2FExomars101909.xml&headline=ESA%20Proposes%20Two%20ExoMars%20Missions |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=oct12 >{{cite news |first=Jonathan |last=Amos |title=Europe's Mars plans move forward |date=12 October 2009 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8302876.stm |work=BBC News}}</ref> the [[ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter]] (TGO) was merged into the project, piggybacking a stationary meteorological lander slated for launch in January 2016. It was also proposed to include a second rover, the [[Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher|MAX-C]].

In August 2009 it was announced that the [[Russian Federal Space Agency]] (now Roscosmos) and ESA had signed a contract that included cooperation on two Mars exploration projects: Russia's [[Fobos-Grunt]] project and ESA's ExoMars. Specifically, ESA secured a Russian [[Proton (rocket)|Proton rocket]] as a "backup launcher" for the ExoMars rover, which would include Russian-made parts.<ref name=avio >{{cite news |title=Agreement between ESA and Roscosmos signed at "MAKS 2009" |date=20 August 2009 |publisher=Avio News |url=http://www.avionews.com/index.php?corpo=see_news_home.php&news_id=1108379&pagina_chiamante=index.php |work=WAPA}}</ref><ref name=red >{{cite news |title=ESA, Roscosmos Strike Mars Deal |date=20 August 2009 |url=http://www.redorbit.com/news/space/1740298/esa_roscosmos_strike_mars_deal/ |work=Red Orbit}}</ref>

On 17 December 2009, the ESA governments gave their final approval to a two-part Mars exploration mission to be conducted with NASA, confirming their commitment to spend €850 million ($1.23 billion) on missions in 2016 and 2018.<ref>{{cite news |first=Peter B. |last=de Selding |title=ESA Approves Collaborative Mars Program with NASA |date=18 December 2009 |url=http://www.space.com/news/091218-exomars-mission.html |work=Space News}}</ref>

In April 2011, because of a budgeting crisis, a proposal was announced to cancel the accompanying [[Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher|MAX-C]] rover, and fly only one rover in 2018 that would be larger than either of the vehicles in the paired concept.<ref name="single rover">{{cite news |first=Jonathan |last=Amos |title=US and Europe mull single 2018 Mars rover |date=7 April 2011 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13002214 |work=BBC News}}</ref> One suggestion was that the new vehicle would be built in Europe and carry a mix of European and U.S. instruments. NASA would provide the rocket to deliver it to Mars and provide the [[Mars Science Laboratory#Sky crane landing|sky crane landing system]]. Despite the proposed reorganisation, the goals of the 2018 mission opportunity would have stayed broadly the same.<ref name="single rover" />

Under the FY2013 Budget President Obama released on 13 February 2012, NASA terminated its participation in ExoMars due to budgetary cuts in order to pay for the cost overruns of the [[James Webb Space Telescope]].<ref name="Feb 14">{{cite news | first=Frank Jr. | last=Morring |title=NASA Units Hope For Robotic Mars Mission in 2018 |date=14 February 2012 |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/asd_02_14_2012_p01-02-424988.xml |work=Aviation Week |access-date=25 March 2022 |archive-date=7 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074505/http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=%2Farticle-xml%2Fasd_02_14_2012_p01-02-424988.xml |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Ken |last=Kremer |title=Experts React to Obama Slash to NASA's Mars and Planetary Science Exploration |date=1 February 2012 |url=http://www.universetoday.com/93512/experts-react-to-obama-slash-to-nasas-mars-and-planetary-science-exploration/ |work=Universe Today}}</ref> With NASA's funding for this project completely cancelled, most of these plans had to be restructured.<ref name="cancellation" /><ref>{{cite news |first=Mike |last=Wall |title=When Exploring Other Planets, International Cooperation Is Key |date=22 August 2012 |publisher=Space.com |url=http://www.space.com/17225-planetary-exploration-international-cooperation.html |work=Nature}}</ref>

On 14 March 2013, representatives of the ESA and the [[Russian Federal Space Agency|Russian space agency]] (Roscosmos), signed a deal in which Russia became a full partner. Roscosmos would supply both missions with [[Proton (rocket)|Proton launch vehicles]] with [[Briz-M]] upper stages and launch services,<ref>{{cite news|title=ESA, Roscosmos Formalize ExoMars Pact|author=Peter B. de Selding|date=March 14, 2013|url=https://spacenews.com/34153esa-roscosmos-formalize-exomars-pact/
|publisher=[[Space News]]|access-date=May 14, 2023}}</ref> as well as an additional entry, descent and landing module for the rover mission in 2018.<ref name="ESA signed" /> Under the agreement, Roscosmos was granted three asking conditions:<ref name="Gazeta">{{cite news |first=Nikolai |last=Podorvanyuk |title=Insurance from "Phobos-Grunt" to fly to Mars |date=30 March 2012 |url=http://www.gazeta.ru/science/2012/03/30_a_4111965.shtml |work=Gazeta |language=ru}}</ref>
# Roscosmos would contribute two Proton launch vehicles as payment for the partnership.
# The [[Trace Gas Orbiter]] payload shall include two Russian instruments that were originally developed for [[Fobos-Grunt]].<ref name="ESA signed" /><ref name="On track" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Russia's participation in the "ExoMars" does not cancel the plans for the "Phobos-Grunt-2" |url=http://www.ria.ru/science/20120320/600999665.html |newspaper=RIA Novosti |date=20 March 2012}}</ref>
# All scientific results must be intellectual property of the European Space Agency and the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] (i.e. Roscosmos would have been be part of all the project teams and would have had full access to research data<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.ria.ru/science/20130314/180014649.html |title=Russia, Europe Sign Mars Probe Project Deal |publisher=RIA Novosti |date=14 March 2013}}</ref>).

ESA had originally cost-capped the ExoMars projects at €1 billion, ([[USD]] 1.3 billion) but the withdrawal of the U.S. space agency ([[NASA]]) and the consequent reorganisation of the venturesy added several hundred million euros to the sum so far raised.<ref name="still keen" /> So in March 2012, member states instructed the agency's executive to look at how this shortfall could be made up.<ref>{{cite news |first=Peter B. |last=de Selding |title=ESA Eyeing Hodgepodge of Funding Sources To Save ExoMars Mission |date=31 May 2012 |url=http://www.spacenews.com/civil/120531-hodgepodge-funding-save-exomars.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120910163843/http://www.spacenews.com/civil/120531-hodgepodge-funding-save-exomars.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 September 2012 |work=Space News}}</ref> One possibility was that other science activities within ESA may have to step back to make ExoMars a priority.<ref name="still keen" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spacenews.com/civil/120516-exomars-one-month-reprieve.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120913122819/http://www.spacenews.com/civil/120516-exomars-one-month-reprieve.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 September 2012 |title=ExoMars Wins One-month Reprieve |work=Space News |date=16 May 2012}}</ref> In September 2012 it was announced that new ESA members, Poland and Romania, would be contributing up to €70 million to the ExoMars mission.<ref>{{cite news |first=Peter B. |last=de Selding |title=Poland Tripling Space Spending in Bid To Boost Economy |date=19 September 2012 |url=https://spacenews.com/poland-tripling-space-spending/ |work=Space News}}</ref> ESA has not ruled out a possible partial return of NASA to the 2018 portion of ExoMars, albeit in a relatively minor role.<ref name="still keen" /><ref name="Selding" /><ref name="Morning">{{cite news |first=Frank Jr. |last=Morring |title=Appropriators Blocking Mars Mission Move |date=8 March 2012 |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=space&id=news/awx/2012/03/08/awx_03_08_2012_p0-434301.xml&headline=Appropriators%20Blocking%20Mars%20Mission%20Move |work=[[Aviation Week]] }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Russia's financing of ExoMars was to be partially covered by insurance payments of 1.2 billion roubles (US$40.7 million) for the loss of [[Fobos-Grunt]],<ref name="Gazeta" /> and reassigning funds for a possible coordination between the [[Mars-NET]] and ExoMars projects.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/marsnet.html |title=The Mars-NET project |access-date=18 April 2012 |quote=Possible coordination between Mars-NET and European ExoMars project.}}</ref><ref name=Mars-Grunt>{{cite news |first=Ilya |last=Kramnik |title=Russia takes a two-pronged approach to space exploration |date=18 April 2012 |url=http://indrus.in/articles/2012/04/18/russia_takes_a_two-pronged_approach_to_space_exploration_15511.html |work=Russia & India Report}}</ref> On 25 January 2013, Roscosmos fully funded the development of the scientific instruments to be flown on the first launch, the [[Trace Gas Orbiter]] (TGO).<ref>{{cite news |author=Staff |title=Roskosmos funds creation of instruments for ExoMars mission |date=25 January 2013 |url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2013_01_25/Roskosmos-funds-creation-of-instruments-for-Exomars-mission/ |work=The Voice of Russia |access-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513051208/http://english.ruvr.ru/2013_01_25/Roskosmos-funds-creation-of-instruments-for-Exomars-mission/ |archive-date=13 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

By March 2014, the lead builder of the ExoMars rover, the British division of [[Airbus Defence and Space]], had started procuring critical components,<ref name="closing $ gap" /> but the 2018 rover mission was still short by more than 100 million euros, or $138 million.<ref name="closing $ gap" /> The wheels and suspension system are paid by the [[Canadian Space Agency]] and are being manufactured by [[MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates|MDA Corporation]] in Canada.<ref name="closing $ gap" />

=== 2016 first spacecraft launch ===
The spacecraft containing ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) and ''Schiaparelli'' launched on 14 March 2016 09:31 UTC ([[Livestream]] began at 08:30 GMT [03:30 AM EDT]).<ref name="NYT-20160314">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=Mars Mission Blasts Off From Kazakhstan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/15/science/mars-mission-blasts-off-from-kazakhstan.html |date=14 March 2016 |work=The New York Times |access-date=14 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="ESA-2016">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Watch ExoMars Launch (March 14, 2016, 08:30 GMT) |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/ExoMars/Watch_ExoMars_launch |date=10 March 2016 |work=[[European Space Agency]] |access-date=10 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311082709/http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/ExoMars/Watch_ExoMars_launch |archive-date=11 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="LS-20160314">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Live Video – ExoMars Launch (March 14, 2016, 08:30 GMT) |url=http://livestream.com/ESA/exomars |date=14 March 2016 |work=[[Livestream]] |access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref> Four rocket burns occurred in the following 10 hours before the descent module and orbiter were released. Signals from the Orbiter were successfully received at 21:29 GMT of the same day, which confirmed that the launch was fully successful and that the spacecraft was on its way to Mars.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/ExoMars/ExoMars_on_its_way_to_solve_the_Red_Planet_s_mysteries |title=ExoMars on its way to solve the Red Planet's mysteries |publisher=ESA |date=14 March 2016 |access-date=15 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026085720/http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/ExoMars/ExoMars_on_its_way_to_solve_the_Red_Planet_s_mysteries |archive-date=26 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shortly after separation from the probes, the [[Briz-M]] upper booster stage possibly exploded a few kilometers away, however apparently without damaging the orbiter or lander.<ref name="exploded booster">{{cite news |last=King |first=Bob |url=http://www.universetoday.com/128073/exomars-mission-narrowly-avoids-exploding-booster/ |title=ExoMars Mission Narrowly Avoids Exploding Booster |work=Universe Today |date=24 March 2016 |access-date=25 March 2016 }}</ref> The spacecraft, which housed the Trace Gas Orbiter and the ''Schiaparelli'' lander, took its nominal orbit towards Mars and was seemingly in working order. Over the next two weeks, controllers continued to check and commission its systems, including the power, communications, startrackers, and guidance and navigation system.<ref name="ThomsonMar2016">{{cite news |last=Thomson |first=Iain |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/03/26/exomars_probe_may_be_in_danger/ |title=ExoMars probe narrowly avoids death, still in peril after rocket snafu |work=The Register |date=26 March 2016 |access-date=26 March 2016 }}</ref>

=== Delays and suspension ===
[[File:Cmglee Cambridge Science Festival 2015 ExoMars Rover.jpg|thumb|A prototype of the ExoMars Rover at the 2015 Cambridge Science Festival]]
In January 2016 it was announced that the financial situation of the 2018 mission 'might' require a 2-year delay.<ref name="Delaying 2018">{{cite news |url=http://www.industryweek.com/emerging-technologies/money-troubles-may-delay-europe-russia-mars-mission |title=Money Troubles May Delay Europe-Russia Mars Mission |work=Agence France-Presse |publisher=Industry Week |date=15 January 2016 |access-date=16 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="Delaying2018-spnews">{{cite web |title=Proton launches Euro-Russian ExoMars mission, but program's second launch remains in limbo |url=http://spacenews.com/proton-launches-euro-russian-exomars-mission-but-programs-second-launch-remains-in-limbo/ |website=Spacenews.com |date=14 March 2016 |access-date=15 March 2016}}</ref> Italy is the largest contributor to ExoMars, and the UK is the mission's second-largest financial backer.<ref name="closing $ gap">{{cite news |first=Stephen |last=Clark |title=Facing funding gap, ExoMars rover is on schedule for now |date=3 March 2014 |url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1403/03exomars/ |work=Spaceflight Now}}</ref>

The rover was scheduled to launch in 2018 and land on Mars in early 2019,<ref name="space20130314">{{cite news |url=http://www.space.com/20240-mars-missions-russia-europe.html |title=Russia and Europe Team Up for Mars Missions |work=Space.com |date=14 March 2013 |access-date=24 January 2016}}</ref> but in May 2016 ESA announced that the launch would occur in 2020 due to delays in European and Russian industrial activities and deliveries of the scientific payload.<ref name="LaunchMoved2020"/>

On 12 March 2020, it was announced that the second mission was being delayed to launch in 2022 due to the vehicle not being ready for launch in 2020, with delays exacerbated by travel restrictions during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name=BBCdelay>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-51844030|title=ExoMars Rosalind Franklin: Rover mission delayed until 2022|work=BBC News|last=Amos|first=Jonathan|date=12 March 2020|access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref>

On 28 February 2022, it was announced that the second mission launching in 2022 "was very unlikely" due to the sanctions on Russia in response to the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion of Ukraine by Russia]].<ref name=ESAdelay>{{cite web| url=https://www.esa.int/Newsroom/Press_Releases/ESA_statement_regarding_cooperation_with_Russia_following_a_meeting_with_Member_States_on_28_February_2022| title=ESA statement regarding cooperation with Russia following a meeting with Member States on 28 February 2022| work=ESA Newsroom and Media Relations Office – Ninja Menning| date=28 February 2022| access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref>

On 17 March 2022, the launch of ExoMars in the 2022 launch window was abandoned, with the permanent suspension of the partnership with Roscosmos.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-17 |title=ESA suspends work with Russia on ExoMars mission |url=https://spacenews.com/esa-suspends-work-with-russia-on-exomars-mission/ |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref>  However, in November, the European Space Agency member states pledged 360 million euros towards the Rosalind Franklin rover, including covering the cost of replacing Russian components.  Now planned to launch in 2028, the rover will carry a next-generation mass spectrometer, the [[Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer]], or MOMA.<ref name="Drahl">{{cite journal |last1=Drahl |first1=Carmen |title=The long-awaited mission that could transform our understanding of Mars |journal=Knowable Magazine |date=3 May 2023 |doi=10.1146/knowable-050323-1|s2cid=258518639 |doi-access=free |url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/physical-world/2023/mission-could-transform-understanding-mars |access-date=9 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

In June 2024, a $567 million contract was awarded to [[Thales Alenia Space]] to complete the assembly, integration, and testing of the landing platform, with mechanical, thermal, and propulsion handled by Airbus Defense and Space, and ArianeGroup providing the heat shield.<ref name=":0" /> On 16 April 2024, ESA announced a memorandum of understanding with NASA to provide the launch service in late 2028, and that the next mission milestone is the preliminary design review in June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2024 |title=ESA and NASA join forces to land Europe’s rover on Mars |url=https://www.esa.int/Newsroom/Press_Releases/ESA_and_NASA_join_forces_to_land_Europe_s_rover_on_Mars |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240603033421/https://www.esa.int/Newsroom/Press_Releases/ESA_and_NASA_join_forces_to_land_Europe_s_rover_on_Mars |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=26 June 2024 |website=ESA}}</ref>