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Gap creationism
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== History == From 1814,<ref name=McIver>{{cite journal | last = McIver | first = Tom | title = Formless and Void: Gap Theory Creationism | journal = Creation/Evolution | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | pages =1β24 | date = Fall 1988 | url = http://www.ncseprojects.org/cej/8/3/formless-void-gap-theory-creationism |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727114224/http://www.ncseprojects.org/cej/8/3/formless-void-gap-theory-creationism |archivedate=July 27, 2011}} </ref> [[Thomas Chalmers]] popularized gap creationism;<ref>{{cite book|last= Moore|first= Randy|title= More Than Darwin: An Encyclopedia of the People and Places of the Evolution-creationism Controversy|year= 2008|publisher= Greenwood Press|isbn= 978-0313341557|author2= Mark D Decker|page= 302}}</ref> he attributed the concept to the 17th-century Dutch [[Arminianism |Arminian]] theologian [[Simon Episcopius]]. Chalmers wrote: {{quotation|"My own opinion, as published in 1814, is that it [Genesis 1:1] forms no part of the first day, but refers to a period of indefinite antiquity when God created the worlds out of nothing. The commencement of the first day's work I hold to be the moving of God's Spirit upon the face of the waters. We can allow geology the amplest time...without infringing even on the literalities of the Mosaic record."<ref>McIver T., Formless and Void: Gap Theory Creationism, Creation Evolution Journal (8)3, 1988, p. 6.</ref>}} Chalmers became a [[Divinity (academic discipline) |divinity professor]] at the University of Edinburgh, founder of the [[Free Church of Scotland (1843β1900)|Free Church of Scotland]], and author of one of the ''[[Bridgewater Treatises]]''. Other early proponents of gap creationism included [[Oxford University]] geology professor and fellow ''Bridgewater'' author [[William Buckland]], [[Sharon Turner]] and [[Edward Hitchcock]].<ref name=McIver/> The idea gained widespread attention when a "second creative act"<ref name="SRNO">[http://www.studylight.org/com/srn/view.cgi?book=ge&chapter=001 Scofield References Notes online], verse by verse notes on Genesis 1.</ref> was discussed prominently in the reference notes for Genesis in the influential 1917 [[Scofield Reference Bible]].<ref name="McIver" /> In 1954, a few years before the re-emergence of young-Earth [[flood geology]] eclipsed gap creationism, influential evangelical theologian [[Bernard Ramm]] wrote in ''The Christian View of Science and Scripture'':<ref name="McIver" /> {{quotation|"The gap theory has become the standard interpretation throughout hyper-orthodoxy, appearing in an endless stream of books, booklets, Bible studies, and periodical articles. In fact, it has become so sacrosanct with some that to question it is equivalent to tampering with Sacred Scripture or to manifest [[Modernist Christianity| modernistic]] leanings".}} Ramm's book became influential in the formation of another alternative to gap creationism, that of [[progressive creationism]], which found favour with more conservative members of the [[American Scientific Affiliation]] (a fellowship of scientists who are Christians), with the more modernist wing of that fellowship favouring [[theistic evolution]].<ref>Numbers(2006) p208</ref> Religious proponents of this form of creationism have included [[Oral Roberts]], [[Cyrus I. Scofield]], [[Harry Rimmer]], [[Jimmy Swaggart]],<ref>Numbers(2006), p11</ref> Perry Stone, [[G. H. Pember]], L. Allen Higley,<ref name="McIver" /> [[Arthur Pink]], [[Peter Ruckman]], [[Finis Jennings Dake]], [[Chuck Missler]], [[E. W. Bullinger]], [[Charles Welch]], <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://levendwater.org/analysis/a3/pleroma.htm|title=Pleroma - an Alphabetical Analysis by Charles H. Welch}}</ref> [[Victor Paul Wierwille]],<ref name="PFAL">{{cite book |last= Wierwille |first= Victor P. |date= 1971 |title= Power for Abundant Living |publisher= American Christian Press |page= [https://archive.org/details/powerforabundant00wier/page/229 229-247] |isbn= 0910068011 |url= https://archive.org/details/powerforabundant00wier/page/229 }}</ref> [[Donald Grey Barnhouse]], [[Herbert W. Armstrong]], [[Garner Ted Armstrong]], [[Michael Pearl]] and [[Clarence Larkin]].<ref> ''Unformed and Unfilled'', Weston Fields, {{ISBN|0-89051-423-2}}, p43. </ref>
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