Editing Imperial and Royal (section)

== Symbolic employment of {{lang|de|und}} or {{lang|de|u.}} ==

Before 1867, the territories under the control of the [[Habsburg]] monarch in [[Vienna]] used {{lang|de|kaiserlich und königlich}}<ref>Franz Christoph von Scheyb, {{lang|de|Heinrich Jasomirgott eine Lobschrift auf ihre kaiserliche und königliche Majestäten...}} Vienna, 1756.</ref><ref>Renatus Karl von Senkenberg and Karl Christian von Senkenberg, {{lang|de|An Ihro Kaiserliche und Königliche Majestät allerunterthänigster Gegenbericht [...] unter dem 30. Mai 1796 eingegebenen Bericht.}} Giessen, 1797.</ref><ref>Ignaz Franz von Mosel, {{lang|de|Geschichte der Kaiserliche und Königliche Hofbibliothek zu Wien.}} Vienna, 1835.</ref><ref>[s.n.], {{lang|de|Historische Märsche und sonstige Compositionen für das kaiserliche und königliche Heer. Instrumentirt für vollständige Militär-Musik. Vom k. u. k. Reichs-Kriegs-Ministerium autorisierte Ausgabe.}} Vienna, 1845.</ref> or the hyphenated {{lang|de|kaiserlich-königlich}} interchangeably. Neither of the spellings defined a hierarchy among the Habsburg dynastic kingdoms, principalities, duchies, and other bodies politic. The Habsburg monarchs ruled the kingdoms of [[Hungary]], [[Croatia]] and [[Bohemia]] as their Kings. The title ''Emperor'' applied to their role as heads of the conglomerate of the mostly German states called the [[Holy Roman Empire]] until 1806. The same title, ''Emperor'', came to identify their role as rulers of the newly named [[Austrian Empire]] that the Habsburgs attributed so from 11 August 1804.

The name "Imperial-Royal Army" was used from 1745, as "Royal" referred to the Apostolic Kingdom of Hungary, which was not part of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], but under [[Habsburg]] rule.<ref>József Zachar, [http://www.habsburg.org.hu/files/konyvek/zachar_jozsef_habsburg_uralom.pdf Habsburg uralom, állandó hadsereg és magyarság, 1683-1792]{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Zrínyi kiadó, [[Budapest]], 2004, p. 104</ref>

After the [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867]], the Hungarians insisted on the {{lang|de|und}} ('and'), not the hyphen, in all usage in line with the new autonomous status of the kingdom within the Habsburg lands. Use of the phrase {{lang|de|Kaiserlich '''und''' königlich}} was decreed in a letter written by the Emperor on October 17, 1889<ref>The given year 1889 could be a typing error; 1869 would be appropriate.</ref> for the military, the navy and the institutions shared by both parts of the empire.<ref>From the [[Otto's encyclopedia]] (published during 1888–1909), subject 'King', [http://encyklopedie.seznam.cz/heslo/285233-kral online in Czech] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209045019/http://encyklopedie.seznam.cz/heslo/285233-kral |date=2008-12-09 }}.</ref> Subsequently, the abbreviation {{lang|de|k.k.}} only referred to the institutions of the "Austrian" part of Austria-Hungary ([[Cisleithania]]). The abbreviation {{lang|hu|m.k.}} ({{langx|hu|magyar királyi}}), or {{lang|de|kgl. ung.}} (German: {{lang|de|königlich ungarisch}}), both meaning 'Royal Hungarian', was applied in reference to the governmental bodies of the Kingdom of Hungary ([[Transleithania]]).

In official documents, the abbreviation used provides information on the lands targeted:
* {{lang|de|k.k.}} or {{lang|de|k.-k.}}, meaning "imperial (Austria) – royal (Bohemia)", pertains to the Austrian Empire before 1867 and to the Austrian part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire 1867–1918
* {{lang|de|k.u.k.}}, meaning "imperial (Austria) and royal (Hungary)", pertains to the Austro-Hungarian Empire 1867–1918