Editing Johannes Bugenhagen (section)

== Biography ==

===Early life===
{{Further|History of education in Trzebiatów#Activities of Johannes Bugenhagen}}
Bugenhagen was born in [[Wolin (town)|Wollin]] (now Wolin), [[Duchy of Pomerania]], on 24 June 1485 as one of three children of local [[councillor|Ratsherr]] Gerhard Bugenhagen. From 1502 to 1504, he studied [[liberal arts|artes]] at the [[University of Greifswald]]. In 1504, he moved to [[Treptow an der Rega]] (now Trzebiatów) and became the [[Rector (academia)|rector]] of the local school.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Hieronymus |first=Frank |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MO1EAQAAIAAJ |title=1488 Petri-Schwabe 1988: eine traditionsreiche Basler Offizin im Spiegel ihrer frühen Drucke |date=1997 |publisher=Schwabe |isbn=978-3-7965-1000-7 |page=355 |language=de}}</ref> Though he had not studied theology, he was ordained as a priest at St. Mary's Church in Treptow in 1509, and served as a [[vicar]] at the [[College (canon law)|Kanonikerkolleg]] of that church thereafter.<ref name=KP79/>

In 1517, abbot [[Johann Boldewan]] called Bugenhagen to serve as a Biblical lecturer at his nearby [[Belbuck Abbey]], where the two became the core of a [[Humanism|Humanist]] circle.<ref name=KP79/> Duke [[Bogislav X, Duke of Pomerania|Bogislav X]] of Pomerania ordered Bugenhagen to write down the history of Pomerania in [[Latin]]. The year 1518 is the beginning of historical writing of the combined territory Pomerania.

Bugenhagen first encountered the [[Lutheranism|theology of Luther]] in the reformer's ''[[Prelude on the Babylonian Captivity of the Church]]<ref name=":0" />'' in 1520. At first he did not like Luther's thoughts at all. However, once he had studied it more, Bugenhagen became a supporter of the Reformation and moved to [[Wittenberg]] in 1521.<ref name=":0" />

===Wittenberg===
[[File:Johannes-Bugenhagen-1532.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Johannes Bugenhagen by [[Lucas Cranach the elder]] 1532. Some assert that it depicts [[Christoph Ering]] ([[:de:Christoph Ering|de]]), another Lutheran reformer.]] 
In Wittenberg, Bugenhagen was elected parish pastor on 25 October 1523,<ref name=Nieden4651>Nieden (2006), pp. 46, 51</ref> making him [[Martin Luther]]'s pastor and confessor.<ref name=Kaufmann58>Kaufmann (1998), p. 58</ref> He was a member of Luther's team translating the [[Holy Bible]] from Greek and Hebrew to [[German language|German]], and opened the debate on [[Ulrich Zwingli]]'s [[Reformed churches|reforms]].<ref name=Kaufmann58/>

By 1523, his private lectures had become well known, so he was called to lecture the following years at the ''Leucorea'', the university in Wittenberg<ref name=Nieden4647>Nieden (2006), pp. 46–47</ref> (today [[University of Halle-Wittenberg|Martin Luther University]]). In March 1524 the printer [[Adam Petri]] of Basel printed his "Interpretations of the Psalms''"'' ([[Latin|Lat]].''Librum Psalmorum interpretatio'') in the Latin language.<ref name=":1">Hieronymus, Frank (1997), p.356</ref> The cover was cut after a drawing by [[Hans Holbein the Younger]] depicting biographical events of David’s life in relation to the New Testament.<ref>Hieronymus, Frank (1997), pp.356–357</ref> The book saw four further editions in the Latin language within half a year.<ref name=":1" /> A second edition by Adam Petri in August, one by [[Johannes Petreius]] in [[Nuremberg]] and also by [[Johannes Knobloch]] in [[Strasbourg|Strassburg]].<ref name=":1" /> Another one is assumed to have been printed by Johann Schöffer in [[Mainz]].<ref name=":1" /> Two years later, a German translation was printed by Adam Petri in which for the Psalms text, the German translation by Martin Luther were used.<ref>Hieronymus, Frank (1997), p.360</ref> Bugenhagen was regarded as one of the most important teachers and practitioners of biblical interpretation in the Wittenberg-centered [[Protestant Reformation]], ordaining a generation of Lutheran pastors who were educated at this university.<ref name=Kaufmann58/>

[[File:Bugenhagen-Predigt.jpg|thumb|upright|''Die Predigt rechter Altarflügel der Vorderseite des Altars der Wittenberger Stadtkirche'' by [[Lucas Cranach the Elder]]. Note the keys of the kingdom in Bugenhagen's hands]]

On 17 March 1533,<ref name=Nieden62>Nieden (2006), p. 62</ref> he was promoted doctor of theology at the university of Wittenberg, together with [[Johannes Aepinus]] and [[Kaspar Cruciger]].<ref name=Nieden62/><ref name=SW58>Selderhuis & Wriedt (2006), p. 58</ref> The promotion was supervised by [[Martin Luther]], based on [[Philipp Melanchthon]]'s theses, financed and attended by [[Frederick III, Elector of Saxony]], and formally granted by deacon [[Justus Jonas]]. With the ceremony in [[Wittenberg]]'s castle church (''Schloßkirche''),<ref name=Nieden62/> Aepinus, Bugenhagen and Cruciger became the first three [[Protestantism|Protestant]] doctors of theology.<ref name=SW58/>

While theological doctoral promotions had been suspended in Wittenberg for the preceding eight years,<ref name=Nieden61>Nieden (2006), p. 61</ref> the promotion of Aepinus had become necessary as the [[Hamburg]] [[bourgeoisie|burgher]]s demanded [[List of bishops of Hamburg#Superintendents of Hamburg (1532–1593)|their new superintendent]] to bear the title of a doctor.<ref name=SW58/><ref group=nb name=SW58NB>In a letter to Bugenhagen, the Hamburg burghers demanded that their new superintendent Aepinus must "''eyne Qualificerde parsonne nemptlick doctor theology syn''" ("be a qualified person, that is a doctor of theology"). Selderhuis & Wriedt (2006), p. 58</ref> Melanchthon had written the speech for Jonas which laid the foundation of a Protestant doctorate, and Frederick III "the Wise" sponsored a subsequent celebration to introduce the new Protestant doctorate to the theological world.<ref name=Nieden62/>

In September 1535, Bugenhagen was appointed Professor in the Theology faculty at Wittenberg.

===Reformatory work===
After he had outlined his reform ideas in a letter to the [[Hamburg]] community, Bugenhagen was the most important figure in the Protestant Reformation in [[Northern Germany]] and [[Scandinavia]].<ref name=Kaufmann58/> He took an active lead in creating new ''church orders'' ([[Kirchenordnung]]en) for [[Hildesheim]] (1544),<ref name=Kaufmann58/> [[Hamburg]] (1528/29),<ref name=Kaufmann58/><ref name=SW55>Selderhuis & Wriedt (2006), p. 55</ref> [[Free City of Lübeck|Lübeck]] (1530–1532),<ref name=Kaufmann58/> the [[Duchy of Pomerania]] (1534/5),<ref name=Kaufmann58/> [[East Frisia]] (1534/5),<ref name=Kaufmann58/> [[Schleswig-Holstein]] (1542),<ref name=Lorentzen39>Lorentzen (2008), p. 39</ref> [[Braunschweig]] (1528),<ref name=Kaufmann58/><ref name=SW55/> [[Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel]] (1543),<ref name=Kaufmann58/> and [[Denmark-Norway]] (1537),<ref name=Lorentzen39/> where he also crowned [[Christian III of Denmark|Christian III]].<ref>Lockhart (2007), p. 64</ref>

This earned him later the [[epithet]] "Second Apostle of the North".<ref>Zietz (1834); Schneider (2008), p. 4.</ref> Not only did he create the new rules, he also established them and persuaded people to follow them. Bugenhagen produced rules and regulations for religious service, for schooling, and for social issues of the church. In 1539, he became [[superintendent (ecclesiastical)|superintendent]] of the Lutheran Church in [[Electorate of Saxony|Saxony]].

Also in 1539, Bugenhagen reformed the Pomeranian [[University of Greifswald]], which he "re-founded" as a Protestant university, modelled after the university of Wittenberg.<ref name=SW60>Selderhuis & Wriedt (2006), p. 60</ref>

Bugenhagen sought to inform the public that indulgences, not only done without God's word but against it.<ref name=":2" />

===Late life===
[[File:The grave of Johannes Bugenhagen, St Mary's Church, Wittenberg.jpg|thumb|upright|The grave of Johannes Bugenhagen in [[Stadtkirche Wittenberg|St. Mary's Church]], Wittenberg]]
After the death of Luther in 1546, Bugenhagen took care of Luther's [[Katharina Luther|widow]] and children. Bugenhagen died in Wittenberg in 1558 and was buried at St. Mary's Church ([[Stadtkirche Wittenberg]]). The church also contains a memorial painting to Bugenhagen by [[Lucas Cranach the Younger]] depicting the baptism of Jesus Christ in the River Jordan by [[John the Baptist]] (with the whole Bugenhagen family watching).

Other than for his theological opinions, Bugenhagen was also well known because of his organising ability. Bugenhagen was also appreciated for his work in making a [[Middle Low German]] translation of Luther's Bible in 1534.

Johannes Bugenhagen was always a pastor at heart, and because of his love for music, his family coat of arms shows a [[harp]].