Editing L'Express (section)

==History and profile==
{{Lang|fr|L'Express}} was co-founded in 1953<ref>{{cite web|title=Historical development of the media in France|url=http://www.mheducation.co.uk/openup/chapters/9780335236220.pdf|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education|access-date=24 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225005455/http://www.mheducation.co.uk/openup/chapters/9780335236220.pdf|archive-date=25 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> by [[Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber]],<ref>{{cite book|author1=Richard Aplin|author2=Joseph Montchamp|title=Dictionary of Contemporary France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DGS2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT454|access-date=22 November 2014|date=27 January 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-93646-4|page=202}}</ref><ref name=chs>{{cite book|author=Christopher H. Sterling|title=Encyclopedia of Journalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pLV1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1007|access-date=4 March 2015|date=25 September 2009|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4522-6152-2|page=1009}}</ref> future president of the [[Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party|Radical Party]], and [[Françoise Giroud]],<ref name=mmo>{{cite book|author=Michael Mould|title=The Routledge Dictionary of Cultural References in Modern French|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-FNTmUwfpEC&pg=PA515|access-date=31 December 2014|date=27 April 2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-82573-6|page=513}}</ref> who had earlier edited ''[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]'' and went on to become France's first [[Ministry of Women's Affairs (France)|minister of women's affairs]] in 1974 and minister of culture in 1976. ''L'Express''{{'}} first issue was released on Saturday 16 May 1953, at the corner of the end of the [[First Indochina War|Indochina War]] and the [[Algerian War]] which was about to break out.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |date=10 November 1989 |title=L'Express passe le cap des 2 000 numéros. Une histoire mouvementée |trans-title=L'Express passes the milestone of 2,000 numbers. A turbulent history |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1989/11/10/l-express-passe-le-cap-des-2-000-numeros-une-histoire-mouvementee_4134962_1819218.html |url-status=live |language=fr |work=[[Le Monde]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230708204620/https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1989/11/10/l-express-passe-le-cap-des-2-000-numeros-une-histoire-mouvementee_4134962_1819218.html |archive-date=8 July 2023 |access-date=8 July 2023 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> It was founded as a weekly supplement to the newspaper ''[[Les Echos (France)|Les Échos]]''.<ref name="Cressard2003">{{cite news |last=Cressard |first=Armelle |date=16 May 2003 |title=L'Express a 50 ans |trans-title=L'Express is 50 years old |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/2003/05/16/l-express-a-50-ans_4264863_1819218.html |url-status=live |language=fr |work=Le Monde |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230708202959/https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/2003/05/16/l-express-a-50-ans_4264863_1819218.html |archive-date=8 July 2023 |access-date=8 July 2023 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>  

The magazine was supportive of the policies of [[Pierre Mendès-France]] in Indochina and, in general, had a [[left-wing politics|left-of-centre]] orientation. The magazine opposed the Algerian War, and especially the use of [[Torture during the Algerian War|torture]].<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/nov/09/pressandpublishing.guardianobituaries Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber] The Guardian, 9 November 2006</ref> In March 1958, as a result of an article of [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] reviewing the book ''[[La Question]]'' by [[Henri Alleg]], the magazine was prevented from being published by the French Government. In order to resume publication, {{Lang|fr|L'Express}} had to print a new issue without the incriminated article. [[François Mauriac]] was a regular contributor with his ''Bloc-Notes'' column but left {{Lang|fr|L'Express}} when [[Charles de Gaulle]] returned to power.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}

In 1964, ''L'Express'' was modelled on the US magazine ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' and the German magazine ''[[Der Spiegel]]''.<ref name="Cressard2003"/> That same year, a number of journalists, including [[Jean Daniel]] and [[André Gorz]], quit {{Lang|fr|L'Express}} to found ''[[Le Nouvel Observateur]]''. Servan-Schreiber turned {{Lang|fr|L'Express}} into a less politically engaged publication, and the circulation rose from 150,000 to 500,000 copies in three years.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} The magazine's sales surged in 1965 with its investigation into the [[Mehdi Ben Barka|Ben Barka]] case, which had shaken the [[Gaullism|Gaullist]] government.<ref name="Cressard2003" />

In 1971, as a result of Servan-Schreiber's political activities as a deputy of the Radical Party, nine journalists of {{Lang|fr|L'Express}}, including [[Claude Imbert (journalist)|Claude Imbert]], left the magazine and created ''[[Le Point]]'' to counter what they perceived as the "current breed of French intellectuals in the press and elsewhere, with their leftist dogmas and complacent nihilism".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100713093107/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,944545-1,00.html "Making Le Point"]. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', 27 November 1972.</ref> Journalist [[Philippe Grumbach]], who, after joining the magazine in 1954, had left in 1963 to pursue independent work, was appointed political editor.<ref name="monde">{{cite news |date=1 October 1971|title=Philippe Grumbach devient directeur politique de 'L'Express'|language=French|trans-title=Philippe Grumbach becomes political director of 'L'Express'|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1971/09/01/m-philippe-grumbach-devient-directeur-politique-de-l-express_2447701_1819218.html|work=[[Le Monde]]|access-date=16 February 2024}}</ref> He left in 1978. Earlier in 1977, Servan-Schreiber sold his magazine to [[Jimmy Goldsmith]].<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article628663.ece Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber]{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} ''The Times'', 8 November 2006</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061125035538/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,914906,00.html Sir Jimmy's Cross-Channel Fiefdom] ''TIME Magazine'', 18 April 1977</ref>

[[Jean-François Revel]] became director in October 1978. He was replaced by [[Yves Cuau]] in May 1981. The same year the magazine had a circulation of 507,000 copies.<ref name="kuhn">{{cite book|author=Raymond Kuhn|title=The Media in France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3t-KAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68|access-date=15 November 2014|date=7 April 2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-98053-6|page=68}}</ref> In 1986, {{Lang|fr|L'Express}} started a news exchange cooperation with the [[Belgium]]-based French language news magazine ''[[Le Vif/L’Express]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Le Vif/L'Express|url=http://www.voxeurop.eu/en/content/source-information/564521-le-vifl-express|work=VoxEurop|access-date=7 December 2014}}</ref> In 1987, {{Lang|fr|L'Express}} had a circulation of 555,000 copies and 554,000 copies in 1988.<ref name="Humphreys1996">{{cite book|author=Peter Humphreys|title=Mass Media and Media Policy in Western Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vlTzbOGhdIC&pg=PA88|access-date=15 November 2014|date=15 May 1996|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-3197-7|page=88}}</ref><ref name="kuhn" /> The same year the magazine was sold to [[Vivendi Universal|C. G. E.]] [[Yann de l'Ecotais]] became the new director and served in the post until 1994, when he was replaced by [[Christine Ockrent]]. In 1995, {{Lang|fr|L'Express}} was sold to CEP communications, a filial of [[Havas]], and [[Denis Jeambar]] became the new director. On 22 April 1996, [[Christophe Barbier]] began working for the magazine as editor-in-chief of the political department.<ref name="Patri2020">{{cite news |last=Patri |first=Alexis |date=26 November 2020 |title=Christophe Barbier ... |trans-title=Christophe Barbier leaves L'Express after almost 25 years within the magazine |url=https://www.europe1.fr/medias-tele/christophe-barbier-quitte-lexpress-apres-presque-25-ans-de-carriere-dans-le-magazine-4008284 |url-status=live |language=fr |work=[[Europe 1]] |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127193441/https://www.europe1.fr/medias-tele/christophe-barbier-quitte-lexpress-apres-presque-25-ans-de-carriere-dans-le-magazine-4008284 |archive-date=27 November 2022 |access-date=22 June 2022 |trans-quote=Journalist and columnist}}</ref>

In 1998, after Vivendi took control of Havas, the magazine returned under its control. After the collapse of Vivendi, {{Lang|fr|L'Express}} was sold in 2002 to [[Socpresse]] (80% owned by [[Dassault Group]]). From 2001 to 2002, {{Lang|fr|L'Express}} had a circulation of 424,000 copies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top 50 Finance/Business/News magazines worldwide (by circulation) |url=http://www.magazine.org.tw/events/school/report/wmt/top50finance.pdf |work=Magazine Organization |access-date=13 December 2014 |format=Report |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213185512/http://www.magazine.org.tw/events/school/report/wmt/top50finance.pdf |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}</ref> It was 548,195 copies between 2003 and 2004.<ref>{{cite book|author=E. Martin|title=Marketing Identities Through Language: English and Global Imagery in French Advertising|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IvqADAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6|access-date=25 September 2016|date=30 November 2005|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-230-51190-3|page=6}}</ref> {{Lang|fr|L'Express}} was acquired by [[Roularta Media Group]] in 2006.<ref name="rou">{{cite web|title=L'Express|url=http://www.roularta.be/en/activities/l-express/Products-1194557985500-RC.html?ParentAssetID=1184687189728&ParentAssetType=Page&ParentPageID=1184687189728|work=Roularta|access-date=1 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101212601/http://www.roularta.be/en/activities/l-express/Products-1194557985500-RC.html?ParentAssetID=1184687189728&ParentAssetType=Page&ParentPageID=1184687189728|archive-date=1 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The same year the circulation of the magazine was 547,000 copies.<ref>{{cite web|title=France -- Media Guide 2008|url=https://fas.org/irp/dni/osc/france-media.pdf|work=Open Source Center|access-date=1 March 2015|date=16 July 2008}}</ref> Barbier was the editorial director from 2006 to 2016.<ref name="Patri2020" />

In 2014, Roularta sold {{Lang|fr|L'Express}} to Franco-Israeli billionaire and media entrepreneur [[Patrick Drahi]], founder and owner of [[Altice (company)|Altice]].<ref>{{cite news| date=8 January 2015 |title=Roularta to sell seven French magazines to tycoon Patrick Drahi |url-status=live |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-roularta-media-m-a/roularta-to-sell-seven-french-magazines-to-tycoon-patrick-drahi-idUSKBN0KH1C020150108 |work=Reuters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730041735/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-roularta-media-m-a/roularta-to-sell-seven-french-magazines-to-tycoon-patrick-drahi-idUSKBN0KH1C020150108 |archive-date=30 July 2022 |access-date=22 June 2023}}</ref> The magazine had lost several million [[euro]]s due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] crisis.<ref name="LeMonde2021" /> After buying 51% of the capital (the rest remaining in the hands of Altice), [[Alain Weill]] revitalized ''L'Express'' in 2020 by emulating the approach of ''[[The Economist]]''.<ref name="LeMonde2021" /> Weill refocused the magazine on four themes: international, economics, politics, and ideas.<ref name="Lefilliâtre2020">{{cite news |last=Lefilliâtre |first=Jérôme |date=10 January 2020 |title=L'Express version Alain Weill, des 'valeurs libérales' pour les 'décideurs' |trans-title=Alain Weill's version of L'Express, 'liberal values' for 'decision makers' |url=https://www.liberation.fr/france/2020/01/10/l-express-version-alain-weill-des-valeurs-liberales-pour-les-decideurs_1772249/ |url-status=live |language=fr |work=[[Libération]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230622181612/https://www.liberation.fr/france/2020/01/10/l-express-version-alain-weill-des-valeurs-liberales-pour-les-decideurs_1772249/ |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023}}</ref> New columnists were hired, such as Marion Van Renterghem (renowned reporter and specialized in the European field), Jean-Laurent Cassely (writer and journalist discussing [[Sociology|sociological]] and urban issues), [[Jean-Marc Jancovici]] (engineer, pro-[[Nuclear power|nuclear]], and "pioneer of the climate cause"), Robin Rivaton (liberal essayist, close to [[Bruno Le Maire]] and [[Valérie Pécresse]]), and [[Emmanuelle Mignon]] (ex-director of [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]'s cabinet at the [[Élysée Palace]]).<ref name="Lefilliâtre2020" /> Slowly relaunching the magazine, Weill decided to drop the entertainment news section and focus on an audience of lawyers, business executives, physicians, pharmacists, teachers, and students.<ref name="LeMonde2021" />

In 2021, between 65 and 67 journalists worked for ''L'Express'' out of a total of 120 employees.<ref name="LeMonde2021" /> {{Lang|fr|L'Express}} is published weekly.<ref>{{cite web|author=Christoph Fiedler|title=Processing for direct marketing in the context of the trade journal, magazine and newspaper sector|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/document/activities/cont/201303/20130318ATT63404/20130318ATT63404EN.pdf|publisher=European Magazine Media Association|access-date=7 December 2014|location=Brussels|date=17 December 2012}}</ref>