Editing Mid central vowel (section)

==Mid central unrounded vowel==
{{Infobox IPA
| above = Mid central unrounded vowel
| ipa symbol = ɘ̞
| ipa symbol2 = ə̜
| ipa symbol3 = ɜ̝
| ipa symbol4 = ə
}}

The '''mid central unrounded vowel''' is frequently written with the symbol {{angbr IPA|ə}}. If greater precision is desired, the symbol for the [[close-mid central unrounded vowel]] may be used with a [[Lowered (phonetics)|lowering diacritic]], {{angbr IPA|ɘ̞}}, or for the [[open-mid central unrounded vowel]] with a [[Raised (phonetics)|raising diacritic]], {{angbr IPA|ɜ̝}}.

===Features===
{{mid vowel}}
{{central vowel}}
{{unrounded vowel}}

===Occurrence===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="clear: both;"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Albanian language|Albanian]]
|{{lang|sq|nj'''ë'''}}
|[ɲə]
|'one'
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Afrikaans]] || Standard{{sfnp|Wissing|2016|loc=section "The rounded and unrounded mid-central vowels"}} || {{lang|af|[[Afrikaans alphabet|l'''i'''g]]}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ləχ]}} || 'light' || Also described as open-mid {{IPAblink|ɜ}}.{{sfnp|Wissing|2012|p=711}} See [[Afrikaans phonology]] 
|-
| Many speakers{{sfnp|Wissing|2016|loc=section "The rounded and unrounded mid-central vowels"}} || {{lang|af|[[Afrikaans alphabet|l'''u'''g]]}} || 'air' || Many speakers merge {{IPA|/œ/}} with {{IPA|/ə/}}, even in formal speech.{{sfnp|Wissing|2016|loc=section "The rounded and unrounded mid-central vowels"}} See [[Afrikaans phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="1" | [[Arabic]] || [[Damascene Arabic|Damascene]]
|[[Levantine Arabic phonology|''كرم'''ا'''ل'']]
|[kɪɾ.məːl]
|'for the sake of'
|Realized as /a/ by some speakers.
|
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
|{{Lang|bh|'''क'''र}}
|{{IPA|[kər]}}
|'to do'
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Catalan language|Catalan]] || [[Balearic Catalan|Balearic]] || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan orthography|s'''e'''c]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈsək]}} || 'dry' || Stressable schwa that corresponds to the open-mid {{IPAblink|ɛ}} in Eastern dialects and the close-mid {{IPAblink|e}} in Western dialects. See [[Catalan phonology]]
|-
| [[Eastern Catalan|Eastern]]{{sfnp|Recasens|1996|pp=59–60, 104–105}} || rowspan="2"| {{lang|ca|[[Catalan orthography|'''a'''mb]]}} || rowspan="2"| {{IPA|[əm(b)]}} || rowspan="2"| 'with' || rowspan="2"| Reduced vowel. The exact height, backness and rounding are variable.{{sfnp|Recasens|1996|p=106}} See [[Catalan phonology]]
|-
| Some Western accents{{sfnp|Recasens|1996|p=98}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Chinese language|Chinese]]
|[[Hokkien]]||{{lang|zh-Latn|l'''êr'''}} ({{lang|zh|螺}}) || {{IPA|[lə˨˦]}}|| 'snail' ||
|-
|[[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]]
|[[Chinese characters|根]]/''[[Pinyin|g'''ē'''n]]''
|{{Audio-IPA|Zh-gēn.ogg|[kən˥]}}
|'root'
|See [[Standard Chinese phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] || [[Chuvash alphabet|'''ă'''ман]] || {{IPA|[əm'an]}} || 'worm' ||
|-
| [[Danish language|Danish]] || Standard{{sfnp|Allan|Holmes|Lundskær-Nielsen|2011|p=2}}{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|pp=57, 143}} || {{lang|da|[[Danish orthography|hopp'''e''']]}} || {{IPA|[ˈhʌ̹pə]}} || 'mare' || Sometimes realized as rounded {{IPA|[ə̹]}}.{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=143}} See [[Danish phonology]]
|-
| [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || Standard{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=129}} || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch alphabet|renn'''e'''r]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈrɛnər]}} || 'runner' || The backness varies between near-front and central, whereas the height varies between close-mid and open-mid. Many speakers feel that this vowel is simply an unstressed allophone of {{IPAslink|ɵ|ʏ}}.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=129}} See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="8" | [[English language|English]] || Most dialects{{sfnp|Wells|2008|p=XXV}}{{sfnp|Gimson|2014|p=138}} || [[English orthography|'''''a'''ren'''a''''']] || {{IPA|[əˈɹiːnə]}} || '[[arena]]' || Reduced vowel; varies in height between close-mid and open-mid. Word-final {{IPA|/ə/}} can be as low as {{IPAblink|ɐ}}.{{sfnp|Wells|2008|p=XXV}}{{sfnp|Gimson|2014|p=138}} See [[English phonology]]
|-
| Cultivated [[South African English|South African]]{{sfnp|Lass|2002|p=116}} || rowspan="3" | ''[[English orthography|b'''ir'''d]]'' || rowspan="3" | {{IPA|[bə̞ːd]}} || rowspan="3" | 'bird' || May be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɜː}}. Other South African varieties use a higher, more front and rounded vowel {{IPAblink|ø|øː~ ø̈ː}}. See [[South African English phonology]]
|-
| [[Norfolk dialect|Norfolk]]{{sfnp|Lodge|2009|p=168}} ||
|-
| [[Received Pronunciation]]{{sfnp|Roach|2004|p=242}} || Often transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɜː}}. It is [[sulcalization|sulcalized]], which means the tongue is grooved like in {{IPA|[ɹ]}}. 'Upper Crust RP' speakers pronounce a near-open vowel {{IPAblink|ɐː}}, but for some other speakers it may actually be open-mid {{IPAblink|ɜː}}. This vowel corresponds to [[r-colored vowel|rhotacized]] {{IPAblink|ɝ}} in [[Rhotic and non-rhotic accents|rhotic dialects]].
|-
| [[Geordie]]{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|p=268}} || rowspan="4" | ''[[English orthography|b'''u'''st]]'' || rowspan="4" | {{IPA|[bəst]}} || rowspan="4" | 'bust' || Spoken by some middle class speakers, mostly female; other speakers use {{IPAblink|ʊ}}. Corresponds to {{IPAslink|ɜ}} or {{IPAslink|ʌ}} in other dialects.
|-
| [[Indian English|Indian]]{{sfnp|Sailaja|2009|pp=24–25}} || May be lower. Some Indian varieties merge {{IPAslink|ɜ}} or {{IPAslink|ʌ}} with {{IPA|/ə/}} like Welsh English.
|-
| [[Welsh English|Wales]]{{sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=380–381}} || May also be further back; it corresponds to {{IPAslink|ɜ}} or {{IPAslink|ʌ}} in other dialects.
|-
| [[Yorkshire dialect|Yorkshire]]{{sfnp|Stoddart|Upton|Widdowson|1999|pp=74, 76}} || Middle class pronunciation. Other speakers use {{IPAblink|ʊ}}. Corresponds to {{IPAslink|ɜ}} or {{IPAslink|ʌ}} in other dialects.
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Faroese language|Faroese]] || [[Tórshavn]] || rowspan="2" | {{lang|fo|[[Faroese phonology|vát'''u'''r]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈvɔaːtəɹ]}} || rowspan="2" |'yellow' || rowspan="2" |See [[Faroese phonology]] 
|-
| Northeastern dialects || {{IPA|[ˈvaːtəɹ]}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Galician language|Galician]] 
| rowspan="2" | Some dialects
| {{lang|gl|leit'''e'''}}
| {{IPA|[ˈlejtə]}}
| 'milk'
| Alternative realization of final unstressed {{IPA|/e/}} or {{IPA|/ɛ/}} (normally {{IPA|[i~ɪ~e̝]}})
|-
| {{lang|gl|f'''e'''n'''e'''cer}}
| {{IPA|[fənəˈs̪eɾ]}}
| 'to die'
| Alternative realization of unstressed {{IPA|/e/}} or {{IPA|/ɛ/}} in any position
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[German language|German]] || [[Standard German|Standard]]{{sfnp|Krech et al.|2009|p=69}} || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|B'''e'''schlag]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|De-Beschlag.ogg|[b̥əˈʃläːk]}} || 'fitting' || See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
| Southern German accents<!--NOT 'dialects', the source talks about Standard German spoken with Southern German accents-->{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=40}} || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|od'''er''']]}} || {{IPA|[ˈoːdə]}} || 'or' || Used instead of {{IPAblink|ɐ}}.{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=40}} See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Georgian language|Georgian]]<ref>{{citation |last=McCoy |first=Priscilla |date=1999 |title=Harmony and Sonority in Georgian |url=https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/icphs-proceedings/ICPhS1999/papers/p14_0447.pdf |journal=}}</ref>
|{{lang|ka|[[Georgian scripts|დგას]]}}/{{Transliteration|ka|dgas}}
|[dəɡas]
|1st person singular 'to stand'
|Phonetically inserted to break up consonant clusters. See [[Georgian language#Phonology|Georgian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
|{{Lang|ks|کٔژ}}
|{{IPA|[kət͡s]}}
|'how many'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Kashubian language|Kashubian]]
|''Kasz'''ë'''b'''ë'''''
|{{IPA|[kaʃəbə]}}
|'Kashubia'
|
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kensiu language|Kensiu]]{{sfnp|Bishop|1996|p=230}} || colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[təh]}} || 'to be bald' || Contrasts with a rhotacized close-mid {{IPAblink|ɘ|ɚ̝}}.{{sfnp|Bishop|1996|p=230}}
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Khanty language|Khanty]]<ref>{{The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages|page=97}}</ref>
| {{lang|kca|аԓ'''ә'''ӈ}}
| {{IPA|[aɬəŋ]}}
| 'early'
| Reduced vowel. Occurs only in unstressed syllables. See [[Khanty phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Khmer language|Khmer]]
| {{lang|km|[[Khmer script|ដឹក]]}} {{Transliteration|km|d'''œ̆'''k}}
| {{IPA|[ɗək]}}
| 'to transport'
| See [[Khmer phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Korean language|Korean]] 
| rowspan="2" | Southern [[Gyeongsang dialect]]
| {{lang|ko|거미}}
| {{IPA|[kəmi]}}
| 'spider'
|In southern gyeongsang, The sounds ㅡ(eu)/ɯ/ and ㅓ(eo)/ʌ/  merge with /ə/.
|-
| {{lang|ko|그물}}
| {{IPA|[kəmuɭ]}}
| 'net'
| 
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]]
|[[Sorani|Sorani (Central)]]
| rowspan="2" |{{lang|ku|[[Kurdish orthography|گەردوون]]}}/{{lang|ku|gerdûn}}
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|[gərduːn]}}
| rowspan="2" |'cosmos'
| rowspan="2" |See [[Kurdish phonology]]
|-
|[[Palewani|Palewani (Southern)]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]]{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=70}} || {{lang|lb|d'''ë'''nn}} || {{IPA|[d̥ən]}} || 'thin' || More often realized as slightly rounded {{IPA|[ə̹]}}.{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=70}} See [[Luxembourgish phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Malay language|Malay]]
|[[Indonesian language|Standard Indonesian]]
| rowspan="2" |{{lang|ms|b'''e'''rat}}
| rowspan="2" |[bə.rat]
| rowspan="2" |'heavy'
| rowspan="2" |See [[Malay phonology]]
|-
|[[Malaysian language|Standard Malaysian]]
|-
|Johor-Riau
| rowspan="2" |{{lang|ms|ap'''a'''}}
| rowspan="2" |[a.pə]
| rowspan="2" |'what'
|Realization of /a/ at the end of words and before /h/. See [[Malay phonology]]
|-
|[[Terengganu Malay|Terengganu]]
|Realization of /a/ at the end of words and before /h/. See [[Terengganu Malay]]
|-
|[[Betawi language|Jakarta]]
| rowspan="2" |{{lang|ms|dat'''a'''ng}}
| rowspan="2" |[da.təŋ]
| rowspan="2" |'to come'
|Usually occurs around Jakarta, often inherited from earlier [[Proto-Malayic language|Proto-Malayic]] syllable ''*-CəC''. For the dialects in Sumatra in which the word-final /a/ letter ([<nowiki/>[[Open front unrounded vowel|a]]]) changes to an [ə] sound, see [[Malay phonology]].
|-
|[[Palembang language|Palembang]]
|
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Moksha language|Moksha]]
|{{lang|mdf|т'''ъ'''рва}}
|[tərvaˑ]
|'lip'
|See [[Moksha language#Phonology|Moksha phonology]]
|-
| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || Many dialects{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|pp=13, 20}} || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|sterk'''e'''st'''e''']]}} || {{IPA|[²stæɾkəstə]}} || 'the strongest' || Occurs only in unstressed syllables. The example word is from [[Urban East Norwegian]]. Some dialects (e.g. [[Trondheimsk]]) lack this sound.{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|p=21}} See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Neapolitan Language|Neapolitan]] 
| {{lang|nap|Santificamm'''o'''}}
| {{IPA|[sandifiˈkamm(ə])}}
| "Sanctified"
| The final schwa sound might become "mute" or left out entirely. Schwa sounds might also be denoted with a [[Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]] (E.G Santificamm'''ö''') but it is not universal. See [[Neapolitan_language#Alphabet_and_pronunciation|Neapolitan Phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Plautdietsch language|Plautdietsch]]{{sfnp|Cox|Driedger|Tucker|2013|p=224}} || {{lang|pdt|b'''e'''diedt}} || {{IPA|[bəˈdit]}} || 'means' || The example word is from the Canadian Old Colony variety, in which the vowel is somewhat fronted {{IPA|[ə̟]}}.{{sfnp|Cox|Driedger|Tucker|2013|p=224}}
|-
|[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
|[[Brazilian Portuguese|Brazilian]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Battisti|first1=Elisa|last2=Gomes de Oliveira|first2=Samuel|date=2019|title=Elevação da vogal /a/ em contexto nasal em português brasileiro: estudo preliminar|url=http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2079-312X2019000100035&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=pt|journal=Lingüística|volume=35|issue=1|page=36|doi=10.5935/2079-312x.20190003|issn=2079-312X|doi-access=free|hdl=10183/197298|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
|{{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|maç'''ã''']]}}
|{{IPA|[maˈsə̃ᵑ]}}
|'apple'
|Possible realization of final stressed /ɐ̃/. Also can be open-mid {{IPA|[ɜ̃]}}.{{sfnp|Rothe-Neves|Valentim|p=112|1996}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Romanian language|Romanian]]<ref name="Harvcoltxt|Chițoran|2001|p=7">{{Harvcoltxt|Chițoran|2001|p=7}}</ref> || {{lang|ro|[[Romanian alphabet|p'''ă'''ros]]}} || {{IPA|[pəˈros]}} || 'hairy' || See [[Romanian phonology]]
|-
|[[Russian language|Russian]]
|Standard
|{{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|коров'''а''']]}}
|{{IPA|[kɐˈrovə]}}
|'cow'
| See [[Russian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Serbo-Croatian]]{{sfnp|Landau|Lončarić|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=67}} || {{lang|sh-Latn|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|v'''r'''t]]}} || {{IPA|[ʋə̂rt̪]}} || 'garden' || {{IPA|[ər]}} is a possible phonetic realization of the syllabic trill {{IPA|/r̩/}} when it occurs between consonants.{{sfnp|Landau|Lončarić|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=67}} See [[Serbo-Croatian phonology]]
|-
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || Southern{{sfnp|Riad|2014|p=22}} || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish orthography|vant'''e''']]}} || {{IPA|[²väntə]}} || 'mitten' || Corresponds to a slightly retracted front vowel {{IPA|[ɛ̠]}} in Central Standard Swedish.{{sfnp|Riad|2014|p=22}} See [[Swedish phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2"| [[Tyap language|Tyap]] || {{lang|kcg|'''a̠'''tan}} || {{IPA|[ətan]}} || 'ɡood' ||
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Welsh language|Welsh]]
|{{lang|cy|m'''y'''nydd}}
|[mənɪð]
|'mountain'
|See [[Welsh phonology]]
|}