Editing Newar language (section)

==Name==
[[File:Use of Nepal Bhasa in an inscription from 1706.jpg|left|thumb|A line from an [[Stone inscriptions in the Kathmandu Valley|inscription]] dated 1706 using the term "''Nepāla Bhāṣā''" in [[Pracalit script]] to refer to the language.]]
The official and historical name of the language, '''Nepal Bhasa''', which literally means ''Nepal Language'', originates from [[Name of Nepal|Nepal]].<ref name="dambar">{{cite web |last1=Khatiwada |first1=Dambar |title='राजधानी प्रदेश' र 'नेवा राज्य' : केही भ्रमको खण्डन |url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2021/10/1024571 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115000/https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2021/10/1024571 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=30 October 2021 |website=Online Khabar}}उनले भनेका थिए– ‘तिब्बतको दक्षिणमा ‘नेपाल’ छ, त्यसका बासिन्दालाई ‘नेवार’ भनिन्छ ।’ यो सन्दर्भलाई पत्याउने हो भने त्यतिखेर ‘नेपाल’ काठमाडौं वरिपरि मात्र भएको देशको नाम थियो र अहिले ‘नेपाली’ भनिए जस्तो त्यो ‘नेपाल’ देशका बासिन्दालाई ‘नेवार’ भनिन्थ्यो । उनीहरूले बोल्ने भाषालाई ‘नेपाल भाषा’ भनिन्थ्यो । यसको गहिरो अर्थ छ– ‘नेवार’ कुनै जात, जाति वा नश्ल समुुदाय हैन, एक ऐतिहासिक राष्ट्र वा राष्ट्रियता हो ।</ref><ref name="kashinath1">{{cite book |last1=Tamot |first1=Kashinath |url=https://archive.org/details/NepalmandalKashinathTamot_201712/ |title=नेपालमण्डल |publisher=Nepal Mandal Anusandhan Guthi |year=2006 |isbn=99946-987-5-3 |access-date=30 October 2021}}</ref> Historically, ''Nepal'' was only used to refer to the [[Kathmandu Valley]] and its surroundings, where the language was native to.{{efn|The term ''Nepa Valley'' is still used among the native [[Newar people|Newar]] population<ref name="savenepavalley">{{cite web |title=Save Nepa Valley Movement Homepage |url=https://www.savenepavalley.org/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115002/https://www.savenepavalley.org/index.html |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=30 October 2021 |website=Save Nepa Valley}}</ref><ref name="rukshanakapali">{{cite web |last1=Kapali |first1=Rukshana |date=31 May 2018 |title=बाहिरी चक्रपथ र स्याटलाइट शहर: विकासको नाममा आत्महत्या ! |url=https://www.bizshala.com/story/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115004/https://www.bizshala.com/story/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80-1 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=30 October 2021 |website=Bizshala}}हाल काठमाडौँ उपत्यका भनेर चिनिएको, पहिले नेपाल खाल्डो(नेपाः गाः) भनेर परिचित नेपाः उपत्यका, राजधानी यस्तो छ, यस्तो हुनुपर्छ, विकास यो हो, त्यो हो भन्ने आम जनमानसमा एउटा मानसिकता नै छ।</ref><ref name="bhaktarai">{{cite web |last1=Rai |first1=Bhakta |title=रञ्जनाको साैन्दर्यमा युवा मुग्ध |url=https://archive.nepalnews.com/life-arts/2766-2019-06-30-03-55-15 |access-date=30 October 2021 |website=Nepal News}}लिपि नखःकै कार्यक्रममा 'सेभ नेपाः भ्याली' अभियन्ताहरू पनि रञ्जना लिपिमा आफ्नो उपस्थिति देखाए। काठमाडाैं उपत्यकामा विकासका नाममा सम्पदा मासिँदै गएपछि काठमाडाैं उपत्यका (नेपाः भ्याली) बचाउन लागिपरेका हुन्, उनीहरू।</ref><ref name="bkhabar">{{cite web |title=नेवार जाति र वर्तमान अवस्था |url=https://www.blastkhabar.com/news/2017/03/28/37352.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115007/https://www.blastkhabar.com/news/2017/03/28/37352.html |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=30 October 2021 |website=Blastkhabar}}नेपाः देश आजको काठमाडौँ उपत्यका हो ।</ref> and local governments<ref name="bktmun">{{cite book |url=https://bhaktapurmun.gov.np/sites/bhaktapurmun.gov.np/files/documents/Pahichan_book_Class%206.pdf |title=भक्तपुर नगरपालिका स्थानीय पाठ्यक्रम २०७५ |date=2018 |publisher=Bhaktapur Municipality |location=Bhaktapur |page=9 |access-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115012/https://bhaktapurmun.gov.np/sites/bhaktapurmun.gov.np/files/documents/Pahichan_book_Class%206.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> to refer to the [[Kathmandu Valley]] while senior citizens still tend to refer the valley as ''Nepal''.<ref name="dambar2">{{cite web |last1=Khatiwada |first1=Dambar |title='राजधानी प्रदेश' र 'नेवा राज्य' : केही भ्रमको खण्डन |url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2021/10/1024571 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115000/https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2021/10/1024571 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=30 October 2021 |website=Online Khabar}}यो कुनै तर्क हैन, एक ऐतिहासिक सत्य हो । यसलाई पुष्टि गर्न डेशीदेरी जस्तो कुनै विदेशी विद्वानको सहारा लिइरहनु पर्दैन । हाम्रो पुस्ता बाल्यकालमा हुँदासम्म बूढो पुस्ताले काठमाडौं जानुलाई ‘नेपाल जानु’ भन्थे । ‘तीन शहर नेपाल’ भन्ने गीत खुबै चलेको थियो । स्वयं मेरी हजुरआमाले मलाई ‘नेपाल भ्रमणको संस्मरण’ सुनाएको सम्झना छ । मेरा हजुरबा आफूलाई ‘माझ किरातको बाहुन हुँ’ भन्ने गर्नुहुन्थ्यो । ‘माझ किरात’ बाट ‘नेपाल’ गए/आएको २२ दिनको पैदलयात्राको कथा हजुरआमाले बेलीविस्तार सुनाउँदा म मन्त्रमुग्ध भई सुनिरहन्थें ।</ref>  A government report from 1961 describes the valley being grouped as ''Kathmandu District'', which is different from today's [[Kathmandu District]], marks the commencement of referring the valley as Kathmandu Valley.<ref name="2013district">{{cite web |title=नेपालको जिल्ला प्रशासन पुनर्गठनको रिपोर्ट २०१३ |url=http://www.moga.gov.np/uploads/documentFiles/8277_9b6dca51899ce235fed73faa3278ea77_1488389319__.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907050855/http://moga.gov.np/uploads/documentFiles/8277_9b6dca51899ce235fed73faa3278ea77_1488389319__.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2018 |access-date=30 October 2021 |website=Ministry Federal Affairs & General Administration |publisher=Government of Nepal}}</ref><ref name="rajendramaharjan">{{cite web |last1=Maharjan |first1=Rajendra |title=एकल राष्ट्र–राज्यको धङधङी |url=https://ekantipur.com/opinion/2021/06/15/162372365631162234.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115001/https://ekantipur.com/opinion/2021/06/15/162372365631162234.html |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=30 October 2021 |website=EKantipur |publisher=Kantipur Publication Limited}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Widdess |first=Professor Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QWcIzK4VHusC |title=Dāphā: Sacred Singing in a South Asian City: Music, Performance and Meaning in Bhaktapur, Nepal |date=2013-12-02 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-1-4094-6601-7 |pages=294 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Pal |first=Pratapaditya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T88UAAAAIAAJ |title=The arts of Nepal II.: Painting. |date=1974 |publisher=Brill Archive |isbn=978-90-04-05750-0 |pages=8 |language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|Tuladhar-Douglas|2007|p=24}}<ref name="celestialadvice">{{cite web |title=Celestial Advice |url=https://www.lawcommission.gov.np/en/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/dibbaya-upadesh-of-prithivi-narayan-shah.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101044326/https://www.lawcommission.gov.np/en/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/dibbaya-upadesh-of-prithivi-narayan-shah.pdf |archive-date=1 January 2022 |access-date=30 October 2021 |website=Nepal Law Commission}}When we were on the top of Chandragiri Mountain, I asked them- "Which one is Nepal?" They helped me to recognize Bhadgaun (Now Bhaktapur), Patan and Kathmandu. My heart, at that time, felt to be the King of those Three Cities.....also to see the Kathmandu Valley (the then Nepal).....Not to be recognized and arrested by the King of Nepal (Kathmandu) I was using Sayakhu( Woolen Blanket)....We may not conquer Nepal (Kathmandu) without sufficient human resource like in Kurukshetra...</ref> A larger region surrounding the [[Kathmandu Valley|valley]] is known as [[Nepal Mandala]]. Therefore, the language spoken in [[Nepal Mandala]] became known as Nepal Bhasa.<ref name="kashinath1" />
  
The name "Nepal Bhasa" is ubiquitous in sources from the [[Malla dynasty (Nepal)|Malla dynasty]] to refer to the language.{{Sfn|Tuladhar|2000|p=9}} The earliest occurrences of the name ''Nepālabhāṣā'' ([[Devanagari|Devanāgarī]]: नेपालभाषा) or ''Nepālavāc'' ([[Devanagari|Devanāgarī]]: नेपालवाच) used to refer to the language, can be found in the manuscripts of [http://catalogue.ngmcp.uni-hamburg.de/wiki/A_1160-6_%28M%C4%81navadharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra%29N%C4%81radasa%E1%B9%83hit%C4%81 a commentary to the ''Nāradasaṃhitā''], dated 1380, and [http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-01698/1 a commentary to the ''Amarkośa''], dated 1386.{{Sfn|Tuladhar|2000|p=10}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Classical Newari Literature |url=http://www.kpmalla.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/Classical-Newari-Literature.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013121520/http://www.kpmalla.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/Classical-Newari-Literature.pdf/ |archive-date=13 October 2017 |access-date=28 December 2011}} Page 1.</ref> Some inscriptions from the [[Malla dynasty (Nepal)|Malla Dynasty]] refer to the language as ''deśabhāṣā'' ([[Pracalit script|Pracalit Script]]: {{Script|Newa|𑐡𑐾𑐱𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵}} , {{Literal translation|language of the country}}) and ''svadeśabhāṣā'' ([[Pracalit script|Pracalit Script]]: {{Script|Newa|𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐡𑐾𑐱𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵}}, {{Literal translation|language of one's own country}}).{{Sfn|Tuladhar|2000|p=9}} Similarly, Father Cassiano da Macerata, a [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin missionary]] who visited Nepal in the 1740s referred to the language as Nepalese.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alsop |first=Ian |date=11 March 2021 |title=Christians at the Malla Court: The Capuchin 'piccolo libro' |url=https://www.asianart.com/articles/capuchins/index.html |journal=Asian Art |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521122555/https://www.asianart.com/articles/capuchins/index.html |archive-date=21 May 2022 |quote=When the king saw the figure under which it was written with their characters the above-mentioned text translated in Nepalese language.}}</ref>

The term "Newari" as a name for the language was coined by [[Brian Houghton Hodgson|Brian Hodgson]] in 1847 and since then used by most western scholars.{{Sfn|Genetti|2007|p=10}} The term "Newari" is considered by many [[Newar people|Newars]] to be inappropriate as it is the [[Sanskritisation (linguistics)|Sanskritisation]] of "Newar".{{efn|name=newari}} "Newar" is generally believed to be related to the word "Nepal", possibly derived by the replacement of the 'la' sound with a 'ra' sound, a common practice in historical documents from Nepal.{{Sfn|Tuladhar-Douglas|2007|p=51}} Historically, the term "Newar" itself was rarely used, only finding use in the travelogue of some of the [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin]] [[missionaries]] who visited Nepal during the [[Malla dynasty (Nepal)|Malla dynasty]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Poudel |first=Nayanath |date=17 June 2023 |title=nevāra śabdako prācīnatā |trans-title=Historicity of the term "Newar" |url=https://gorkhapatraonline.com/news/67977 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521132515/https://gorkhapatraonline.com/news/67977 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |work=[[Gorkhapatra]] |language=ne}}</ref> Only two sources from the [[Malla dynasty (Nepal)|Malla dynasty]] use the term "Newar" to refer to the language or its script; the [[Stone inscriptions in the Kathmandu Valley#Multilingual inscriptions|multilingual stone inscription]] of [[Pratap Malla]] uses "''nevāra ākhara''" ("newar alphabet") to refer to the [[Pracalit script]] and another stone inscription set up by [[Pratap Malla]] in 1652 uses the term ''nevārabhāṣā'' ("newar language") to refer to the language.<ref name=":5" /> 

In the 1920s, the language known as Khas Kura,<ref>{{cite news |last= Thapa |first= Lekh Bahadur |date= 1 November 2013 |title= Roots: A Khas story |url= http://epaper.ekantipur.com/ktpost/showtext.aspx?boxid=15456593&parentid=25991&issuedate=1112013 |newspaper= The Kathmandu Post |access-date= 1 November 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131102122616/http://epaper.ekantipur.com/ktpost/showtext.aspx?boxid=15456593&parentid=25991&issuedate=1112013 |archive-date= 2 November 2013 |url-status= dead }}</ref> Gorkhali or Parbatiya<ref>{{cite web | last =Hodgson| first =B. H.| url = https://archive.org/stream/illustrationsofl00hodg/illustrationsofl00hodg_djvu.txt| title =Illustrations of the literature and religion of the Buddhists| publisher =Serampore| year=1841| access-date = 16 February 2012}}</ref> was renamed to [[Nepali language|Nepali]].<ref name="Lienhard, Siegfried 1992 Page 3">Lienhard, Siegfried (1992). ''Songs of Nepal: An Anthology of Nevar Folksongs and Hymns.'' New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas. {{ISBN|81-208-0963-7}}. Page 3.</ref><ref name="rajendramaharjan2">{{cite web |last1=Maharjan |first1=Rajendra |title=एकल राष्ट्र–राज्यको धङधङी |url=https://ekantipur.com/opinion/2021/06/15/162372365631162234.html |website=EKantipur |publisher=Kantipur Publication Limited |access-date=30 October 2021 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115001/https://ekantipur.com/opinion/2021/06/15/162372365631162234.html |url-status=live }}आजभन्दा करिब नौ दशकअघि मात्रै देशको नाम ‘नेपाल’ का रूपमा स्विकारिएको हो भने, पहिले खस–पर्वते–गोर्खाली भनिने भाषालाई ‘नेपाली’ नामकरण गरिएको हो ।</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=T. W. |title=Current Trends in Linguistics |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=1973 |page=252 |chapter=Nepali and Pahari}}</ref> Conversely, the term Gorkhali in the former [[national anthem]] entitled "Shreeman Gambhir" was changed to Nepali in 1951.<ref>{{cite news|title=The kings song|url=http://www.himalmag.com/component/content/article/4214-.html|access-date=15 June 2012|newspaper=Himal Southasian|date=June 2003|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025182216/http://www.himalmag.com/component/content/article/4214-.html|archive-date=25 October 2012}}</ref> ''Gorkha Bhasa Prakashini Samiti'' (Gorkha Language Publishing Committee), a government institution established in 1913 (B.S. 1970) for advancement of Gorkha Bhasa, renamed itself as ''Nepali Bhasa Prakashini Samiti'' (Nepali Language Publishing Committee) in 1933 (B.S. 1990), which is currently known as ''Sajha Prakashan''.<ref name="sajhaprakashan">{{cite web |title=साझा प्रकाशन एक झलक |url=https://sajha.org.np/chinari/28/ |website=Sajha Prakashan |access-date=30 October 2021 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115002/https://sajha.org.np/chinari/28/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 7 September 1995, the cabinet of ministers decided to use "Nepala Bhasa" instead of "Newari".<ref name="kapalilangname">{{cite book |last1=Kapali |first1=Rukshana |title=नेपाल भाषा नामको औपचारिक पुनःस्थापना सम्बन्धी सूचनाको हकद्वारा प्राप्त मन्त्रीपरिषद्‌को निर्णय (व्यक्तिगत अभिलेखको उतार) |date=5 March 2022 |isbn=978-9937-1-1498-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/978-9937-1-1498-1/ |access-date=8 March 2022|pages=96}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://archive.org/details/trn-9sept-1995|title=It's Nepal Bhasa|newspaper=The Rising Nepal|date=9 September 1995}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://archive.org/details/gopa-2052-5-24|title=अबदेखि "नेपाल भाषा" |newspaper=Gorkhapatra|date=9 September 1995}}</ref>  On 13 November 1998, the Minister of Information and Communication issued another directive to use the name Nepal Bhasa instead of Newari.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://archive.org/details/trn-14nov-1998|title=Mass media directed to use Nepal Bhasa|newspaper=The Rising Nepal|date=14 November 1998}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://archive.org/details/gopa-2055-7-28|title='नेपाल भाषा' शब्दको प्रयोग गर्न निर्देशन|newspaper=Gorkhapatra|date=14 November 1998}}</ref> However, the Central Bureau of Statistics has not been doing so.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Major-Finding.pdf| title =Major highlights| publisher =Central Bureau of Statistics| year =2013| access-date =24 May 2013| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130717170017/http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Major-Finding.pdf| archive-date =17 July 2013}}</ref>

A colloquial term is ''Newa Bhaay'' ([[Devanagari|Devanāgarī]]: नेवा: भाय्, [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: Nevāḥ Bhāy) is also used.