Editing Peyer's patch (section)

== History == 

Peyer's patches had been observed and described by several anatomists during the 17th century,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Haller |first1=Albrecht von |title=Elementa Physiologiae corporis humani |trans-title=Elements of the physiology of the human body |date=1765 |publisher=Societas Typographica |location=Bern, Switzerland |volume=7 |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E3lIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA35 |language=Latin}}  Anatomists who mentioned Peyer's patches included:
*  Johann Theodor Schenck (1619–1671):  {{cite book |last1=Schenck |first1=Johann Theodor |title=Exercitationes Anatomicæ ad Usum Medicum Accommodatæ |trans-title=Anatomical Exercises Suited to Medical Practice |date=1672 |publisher=Johann Ludwig Neuenhahn |location=Jena, (Germany) |page=334 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRxmAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA334 |language=Latin}} Schenk thought that intestinal worms resided in Peyer's patches and that the orifices of the patches were the worms' mouths.  From p. 334:  ''"In canibus saepissime observavi non ad ventriculum … a praeter labente chylo sibi conveniens allicerent."''  (In dogs, I very often noticed — not only near the stomach but also on the walls of their small intestines — flesh-colored or  glandular blisters, [appearing] to swim one after another, [in] which, when we dissected [them], I observed some smooth reddish worms [''vermium''] living there in clusters [with] their heads facing towards the cavity of the intestines, in which part there were glands with orifices, [but] reversed, so that from there they obtained, from the chyle flowing past, nourishment [that was] suitable for them.)
*  Jeremias Loss (1643–1684):  {{cite book |last1=Loss |first1=Jeremias |title=Dissertatio Medica de Glandulis in Genere |trans-title=Medical Discourse on Glands in [Various] Species |date=1683 |publisher=Martin Schultz |location=Wittenberg, (Germany) |page=12 |url=https://wellcomecollection.org/works/evskthgv/items?canvas=14 |language=Latin}}  On page 12, Loss states that some glands are located "''inter Membranas viscerum quorundam''" (between the membranes of certain internal organs) "'' … prout id in Glandulis Intestinorum satis manifestum est.''" (as it is quite clear in the glands of the intestines), where "''In Intestinis ita congregantur, interdum pauciores, interdum plures, ut areolas quasdam constituant: … ''" (in the intestines there are thus gathered sometimes fewer [glands], sometimes more [glands], so that they form certain round patches.)      
*  Johannes Nicolaus Pechlin (1646–1706):  {{cite book |last1=Pechlin |first1=Johannes Nicolaus |title=De Purgantium Medicamentorum Facultatibus |trans-title=On the Means of Medicinal Purges |date=1672 |publisher=Daniel, Abraham, and Adrian à Gaasbeek |location=Leiden and Amsterdam, Netherlands |page=510 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=POBbAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA510 |language=Latin}}  From p. 510:  ''" … ego tenuium glandularum glomeratum agmen esse ratus, … "'' (… I considered the heaped cluster of fine glands, … )
*  Martin Lister (ca. 1638–1712):  {{cite journal |last1=Lister |first1=Martin |title=A letter of Mr Lister dated May 21. 1673. in York, partly taking notice of the foregoing intimations, partly communicating some anatomical observations and experiments concerning the unalterable character of the whiteness of the chyle within the lacteous veins; together with divers particulars observed in the guts, especially several sorts of worms found in them. |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |date=23 June 1673 |volume=8 |issue=95 |pages=6060–6065 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1673.0026 |bibcode=1673RSPT....8.6060L |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/epdf/10.1098/rstl.1673.0026}}  From p. 6062:  "As 1. ''Glandulae miliares'' of the small Guts, which may also in some Animals be well call'd ''fragi-formes'', from the figure of the one half of a ''Strawberry'', and which yet I take to be ''Excretive'' glanduls, because ''Conglomerate''." 
*  Nehemiah Grew (1641–1712):  {{cite book |last1=Grew |first1=Nehemiah |title=The Comparative Anatomy of Stomachs and Guts Begun. Being Several Lectures Read before the Royal Society. In the Year, 1676. |date=1681 |publisher=Self-published |location=London, England |page=3 |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/B03528.0001.001/1:3?rgn=div1;view=fulltext}}  Grew called Peyer's patches ''pancreas intestinale''.</ref> but in 1677 Swiss anatomist Johann Conrad Peyer (1653–1712) described the patches so clearly that they were eventually named after him.<ref name = "Peyer" /><ref>There were many earlier names for Peyer's patches:
*  {{cite book |editor1-last=Todd |editor1-first=Robert Bentley |title=The Cyclopædia of Anatomy and Physiology |date=1859 |publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts |location=London, England |volume=5 |page=356 footnote |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wjoAAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA2-PA356}}
*  {{cite book |last1=Leidy |first1=Joseph |title=An Elementary Treatise on Human Anatomy |date=1861 |publisher=J.B. Lippincott & Co. |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA |page=313 footnote |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b4YZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA313}}</ref>  However, Peyer believed they were glands that secreted something into the small intestine to facilitate digestion. It was not until 1850 that the Swiss physician Rudolph Oskar Ziegler (1828–1881) suggested, after careful microscopic examination, that Peyer's patches were actually lymph glands.<ref>Ziegler, Rudolph Oskar (1850) [https://archive.org/details/b22355972 ''Ueber die solitären und Peyerschen Follikel : Inaugural-Abhandlung, der medicinischen Facultät der Julius-Maximilians-Universität zu Würzburg vorgelegt''] [On solitary and Peyer's follicles: Inaugural treatise, submitted to the medical faculty of the Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg] (in German) Würzburg, (Germany):  Friederich Ernst Thein.  From  p. 37:  ''"Ebensogross, wo nicht grösser ist die Aehnlichkeit der sogenannten Peyer'schen Drüsen und der Lymphdrüsen."'' (Just as great, if not greater, is the resemblance between the so-called Peyer's glands and the lymph glands.)  From  p. 38: ''" … ja, man könnte selbst versucht sein, die letzteren für nichts als eine Art von zwischen den Wänden der Darmsschleimhaut eingebetteten Lymphdrüsen zu halten."'' ( … indeed, one could even be tempted to regard the latter [i.e., the Peyer's patches] as nothing but some type of lymph glands [which are] embedded between the walls of the intestinal mucosa.)</ref>