Editing SCORE (software) (section)

==Program development==
===Mainframe origins===

The first incarnation of SCORE was written by [[Leland Smith]] in 1967 as a means of entering music into the MUSIC V sound generating system running on the [[PDP-10]] [[mainframe computer]]s at the [[Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory]] (SAIL).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Leland |title=The 'SCORE' Program for Musical Input to Computers |journal=Proceedings of the 1980 International Computer Music Conference |date=1980 |volume=1980 |pages=226–230 |hdl=2027/spo.bbp2372.1980.019 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.bbp2372.1980.019 |access-date=3 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Leland |title=SCORE - A Musician's Approach to Computer Music |journal=Journal of the Audio Engineering Society |date=Jan–Feb 1972 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=7–14 |url=https://ccrma.stanford.edu/~aj/archives/docs/all/649.pdf |accessdate=30 December 2019}}</ref>

The core concept of SCORE was to break music into a set of items ('objects' in modern terminology) with parameters that describe their characteristics.  In this example of an early SCORE routine the beginnings of the parameter system (P2, P3 etc.) can be seen:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schottstaedt |first1=Bill |title=Pla: A Composer's Idea of a Language |journal=Computer Music Journal |date=Spring 1983 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=11–20 |doi=10.2307/3679914|jstor=3679914 }}</ref>
<pre>
BUZZ;
P2 RHY/4/2/8//REP 3,2//;
DF 1000.2;
P3 NOTES/P C4/B/C/O B3/C/FINE;
P4 LIT/P3%2/!-52;
P5 .2 10,100 .4 200,210 .2 1,1;
P6 -9999.5;
P7 1000;
P8 FU/1/2//;
END;
</pre>

As [[vector graphics]] [[computer terminal|terminals]] became available in the early 1970s, the parametric approach to describing musical information that had been designed for MUSIC V was adapted by Smith into a program he called MSS (the standard abbreviation for [[manuscript]]s) for printing musical scores.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Leland |title=Editing and Printing Music by Computer |journal=Journal of Music Theory |date=1973 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=292–309 |jstor=843345 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/843345 |access-date=31 October 2021}}</ref>  The [[plotter|graphics plotters]] used for output were not able to plot curves so MSS did not use music [[computer font|font]]s as they are understood today, instead using user-editable symbol libraries based on [[polygon]]s, and text was generated from an internal character set.<ref name="scormus">{{cite web archived |title=The SCORE Music Publishing System |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602040203/http://scoremus.com/score.html |website=SCORE Music |publisher=San Andreas Press |archive-date=2 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="cmjobit">{{cite journal |last1=Selfridge-Field |first1=Eleanor |title=Leland Smith (1925-2013) |journal=Computer Music Journal |date=Summer 2014 |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=5–7 |url=https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/COMJ_e_00246?journalCode=comj |doi=10.1162/COMJ_e_00246 |accessdate=7 January 2020|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The first printing of a complete musical work set entirely by computer was of Smith's ''Six Bagatelles for Piano'' which appeared in December 1971, printed at 100[[dpi]] on a [[CalComp plotter]] and reduced by a factor of five for printing at 8.5"x11".<ref name=WinScore/><ref>{{cite web |title=SCORE Products - Six Bagatelles|url=http://www.scoremus.com/sixbag-musp.htm |website=SCORE Music |publisher=San Andreas Press  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513134144/http://www.scoremus.com/sixbag-musp.htm |archive-date=2019-05-13}}</ref>  Smith's ''Woodwind Trio''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Leland |title=Trio for Woodwinds |url=http://www.scoremus.com/wwtrio-musp.htm |website=SCORE Music |publisher=San Andreas Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613113425/http://www.scoremus.com/wwtrio-musp.htm |archive-date=13 June 2019}}</ref> was published using this system in 1973 and [[Richard Swift (composer)|Richard Swift]], reviewing it for ''[[Notes (journal)|Notes]]'', drew attention to the 'admirable clarity and ease of reading for performer and score reader, easily equivalent to the finest examples of contemporary music printing by other means. This new process claims the serious attention of commercial music publishers for its fine qualities, not the least of which is ease and cheapness of production.'<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Swift |first1=Richard |title=Trio for Woodwinds. Palo Alto, California: The San Andreas Press, c1960; Graphic Realization by PDP10 Computer, 1973 by Leland Smith |journal=Notes |date=December 1974 |volume=31 |issue=2 |page=397 |doi=10.2307/897165|jstor=897165 }}</ref>

The first book about music typeset entirely by computer to be published was his ''Handbook of Harmonic Analysis'' in 1979, created on the PDP-10 computer at SAIL using the PUB typesetting program (for more information see [[#External_links|''External links'']]) in conjunction with MSS.  The printing was done at double size on a [[Varian Data Machines]] Statos [[electrostatic plotter]] and then optically reduced by a factor of two for [[lithography|lithographic printing]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Smith | first=Leland |title=Handbook of Harmonic Analysis|publisher=San Andreas Press|date=1979 |location=Palo Alto, CA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U987AQAAIAAJ}}</ref>

From its creation until 1985, all development of MSS was either done on the PDP-10 computers at Stanford or during residencies at [[IRCAM]] in the [[Pompidou Centre]], [[Paris]].<ref name=WinScore/>

===Commercial development===

Between 1985 and 1986 MSS was [[porting|ported]] to the [[Tandy 2000]] running [[MS-DOS]] under its earlier name of SCORE.<ref name="scormus" />  Since [[IBM PC compatible|personal computers]] of the time had limited memory (usually around 640KB), SCORE was limited to 32 staves and 1420 items per file.  In order to handle complex or lengthy works, users had to work on small portions of the score at any one time, naming their files sequentially.  These were then laid out and tiled together before being sent to the printer.  In order to save memory further on graphics operations, notation was displayed in 'stick figure' characters and symbols (see first screenshot in [[#Editing_music_graphically/numerically|''Editing music graphically/numerically'']]), which showed exactly the boundaries of the notation but lacked fine detail.  There was an option to display the true symbols provided there was enough memory remaining to accommodate them (see Pass 2 screenshot in [[#Entering_music_symbolically|''Entering music symbolically'']]).<ref name="SCORE3">{{cite book |last1=Holab |first1=William |title=SCORE Reference Manual Version 3.0 |date=1992 |publisher=San Andreas Press |location=Palo Alto, CA |pages=1–177 |url=http://wiki.ccarh.org/images/c/c8/Score-Reference-Manual.pdf}}</ref>

[[File:SCORE DRAW library files.png|thumb|A sample of symbols from the SCORE CODE 9 library.  The library consists of a number of .DRW files named sequentially: the first file is LIBRA.DRW, the second LIBRB etc.  Each .DRW file in the library contains up to ten glyphs, addressable either by number or name.]]

SCORE version 1 was released in 1987 by [[Passport Designs]] and updated to version 2 in August 1988.<ref name="em1988">{{cite magazine |last=Scholz |first=Carter |date=September 1988 |pages=76–83 |title=Passport Designs Score, An IBM PC Music Notation Program |magazine=Electronic Musician |location=San Bruno, CA |publisher=Mix Publications}}</ref> The German music publisher [[Schott Music]] began using SCORE in 1988<ref name="cmjobit"/> and their in-house engraving typefaces became the basis for SCORE's symbol library.<ref name="scormus"/>  Version 2 also introduced the use of [[PostScript fonts#Type 1|PostScript Type 1 fonts]] for page text.<ref name="holab"/>

In 1988, Passport Designs sent their programmer Perry Devine to work with Smith to make the program more user-friendly.<ref name="holab"/> They also hired professional engraver William Holab (music editor at [[G. Schirmer, Inc.]]<ref name="cmj1993">{{cite journal |title=Product Announcements |journal=Computer Music Journal |date=1993 |volume=17 |issue=2 |page=112 |jstor=3680878 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3680878 |access-date=1 November 2021}}</ref>)  to rewrite the manuals, resulting in the release of version 3.0 in 1990.<ref name="SCORE3"/>

The SCORE music publishing system is made up of the main program, '''SCORE''', and these associated utilities:

* '''JUST''', which aligns and justifies large scores with more than 32 staves per system
* '''PAGE''', which handles part extraction, and layout for multiple pages of music simultaneously
* '''SPRINT''', which sends typeset pages to [[PostScript]] printers or creates an [[Encapsulated PostScript|EPS]] file
* '''DRAW''', which draws symbols for inclusion in the main (CODE 9) or user-defined (CODE 11) libraries<ref name="additions">{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Leland |title=SCORE Version 3.10 Manual Additions |date=1993 |publisher=San Andreas Press |location=Palo Alto, CA |pages=1.01–1.02}}</ref>

'''ESCORT''' and '''SCOREINPUT''' were sold separately and allowed MIDI input from a MIDI file and a MIDI keyboard, respectively.<ref name="SCORE3"/> SCOREINPUT was created by Dr. Paul Nahay, Smith's former colleague on the music theory and composition faculty in the Department of Music at Stanford University.<ref name="cmj1993"></ref>

Ties with Passport Designs were severed in 1991, and all subsequent versions were distributed and sold by Smith's company, San Andreas Press.<ref name="WinScore"/>

Version 3.10 was released in 1993 and replaced SPRINT with '''SCORLAS''' and '''SCORDOT''', which sent output to [[laser printing|laser]] and [[dot matrix printers]].<ref name="additions"/>

Version 3.11 was released in May 1994, and replaced ESCORT and SCOREINPUT with '''MIDISCOR''' and '''MIDISCORWRITE'''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Leland |title=README File for SCORE 3.11 |date=18 May 1994 |publisher=San Andreas Press |location=Palo Alto, CA}}</ref>  MIDISCOR and MIDISCORWRITE were written by Stephen Gibson of Ararat Software.<ref>{{cite web | URL=https://musicsoftwareonline.co.uk/about-us.html |title=About Us |website=Music Software Online |access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref> SCORE 3.11 was the final increment of version 3 and is still used commercially today as it is considered by some to be the most mature and stable version that was released.<ref name="holab"/>

The '''FinalScore''' utility was released in 1996, which converted PostScript output from the [[Finale (scorewriter)|Finale]] programme into a standard SCORE file, however this became obsolete when Finale 2004 changed the way  in which EPS files were created.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Leland |title=README File for FinalScore |date=December 1996 |publisher=San Andreas Press |location=Palo Alto, CA}}</ref>

[[File:SCORE4 floppy disc.jpg|thumb|SCORE version 4 was installed from a single 3.5" [[floppy disk]], earlier versions shipped on up to four discs]]

Version 4.0 (known as '''SCOR4''') was released in May 1998,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Leland |title=SCOR4 Software Release Notes |date=May 1998 |publisher=San Andreas Press |location=Palo Alto, CA}}</ref><ref name="brodhead">{{cite web |last=Rothman |first=Philip |date=28 December 2013 |website=Scoring Notes |title=Thomas Brodhead on Leland Smith and SCORE |url=https://www.scoringnotes.com/news/thomas-brodhead-on-leland-smith-and-score/ |accessdate=2 December 2018}}</ref> and included automatic lute and guitar [[tablature]] systems, [[MIDI]] playback, group editing of items, a conditional editor, various user interface improvements relating to file access, and further mouse support.<ref name="scormus" /><ref name="SCOR4">{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Leland |title=SCORE4 Manual |date=1999 |publisher=San Andreas Press |location=Palo Alto, CA |pages=2–7}}</ref> Many changes were introduced to make the program more accessible to new users, often making the program more cumbersome for existing professional users in the process - which is one of the reasons version 3 is still so highly regarded.<ref name="brodhead"/>

The last minor update, version 4.01, was released on October 16, 2001,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Leland |title=SAP Download Page |url=http://scoremus.com/download.html |website=The SCORE Music Publishing System |publisher=San Andreas Press |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412204206/http://scoremus.com/download.html |archivedate=12 April 2009}}</ref> although a special version called '''SCORLAP''' was released in May 2002 which addressed graphics redraw problems arising with some laptops.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Leland |title=README File for SCORE 4.01 |date=29 May 2002 |publisher=San Andreas Press |location=Palo Alto, CA}}</ref>

[[File:Install CD for WinScore.jpg|thumb|Installation CD for WinScore]]

'''WinScore''', the [[Microsoft Windows]] version, was released to [[beta (software)|beta]] in March 2009 as version 5.00.<ref>{{cite web |title=Download |url=http://www.winscore.info/download.html |website=WinScore |publisher=San Andreas Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226113214/http://www.winscore.info/download.html |archive-date=26 December 2019}}</ref>  Improvements included increasing the possible number of staves on pages, removing the limits on items and vectors per page, a [[WYSIWYG]] interface, use of colour, native MIDI input and playback, extending the number of parameters per item to 36, and integrating all previous SCORE utilities (PAGE, JUST, DRAW, SCORLAS) into the main program.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gibson |first1=Stephen |date=18 February 2009 |title=WINSCORE (Score 5) |url=http://www.acadiau.ca/~gcallon/www/WINSCORE.htm |website=Acadia University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225015527/http://www.acadiau.ca/~gcallon/www/WINSCORE.htm |archive-date=25 February 2020}}</ref>  WinScore suffered from [[memory leak]]s and other bugs which prevented its adoption by many users, and despite officially being released on December 8, 2012, it was still effectively in beta development at the time of its last update to 5.01 on November 1, 2013, six weeks before Smith's death.<ref name="brodhead"/><ref>{{cite web |title=San Andreas Press WinScore |publisher=San Andreas Press |website=WinScore |url=http://www.winscore.info/index.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229200158/http://www.winscore.info/ |archivedate=29 December 2019}}</ref>

The basis of SCORE was written in [[FORTRAN]] with all the mouse and graphics routines written in [[Intel]] [[assembly language]].  WinScore was created using a combination of [[Visual C++]] and 32-bit [[Digital Equipment Corporation|DEC]] FORTRAN.<ref name="scormus" />

===After Smith's death===
Following Smith's death on December 17, 2013,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wander |first1=Robin |title=Stanford Professor Leland Smith, innovative music creator, dies at 88 |date=10 January 2014 |url=https://news.stanford.edu/news/2014/january/leland-smith-obit-010914.html |website=Stanford Report |publisher=Stanford University |accessdate=28 December 2019}}</ref> both SCORE and WinScore are no longer sold and the website registrations have lapsed.<ref name="selk">{{cite web |last=Selk |first=Jürgen |website=ScorBox |title=ScorBox - Homepage |url=http://www.scorbox.com/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725044934/http://scorbox.com/ |archivedate=25 July 2021}}</ref>  At the beginning of 2021 [[Adobe Inc.]] announced that support for Type 1 PostScript fonts would end in January 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=PostScript Type 1 fonts end of support |url=https://helpx.adobe.com/fonts/kb/postscript-type-1-fonts-end-of-support.html |website=Adobe.com |access-date=7 January 2022}}</ref>

===Pricing===
[[File:SCORE advertisement 1987.png|thumb|Advertisement for SCORE from 1987 - capitalisation of the product name was inconsistent: while Smith himself used both SCORE and Score interchangeably, the capitalised version has since become accepted through common use]]

On release in 1987, SCORE version 1 cost {{US$|long=no|795}},<ref>{{cite journal |title=Back Matter |journal=Computer Music Journal |date=Autumn 1987 |volume=11 |issue=3 |page=76 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3679745}}</ref> version 2 in 1988 was {{US$|long=no|995}},<ref name="em1988"/> version 3 in 1991 was {{US$|long=no|795}},<ref name=signell>{{cite journal |last1=Signell |first1=Karl |title=Review |journal=Journal of the American Musicological Society |date=Spring 1991 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=136–148 |doi=10.2307/831732|jstor=831732 }}</ref> version 4 in 1999 was {{US$|long=no|825}},<ref name="vdg">{{cite journal |title=News |journal=Viola da Gamba Society of America (VdGSA) News |date=June 1999 |volume=35-36 |page=9}}</ref> and WinScore, in 2013, was {{US$|long=no|300}}.<ref name="purchase">{{cite web |title=Purchase |publisher=San Andreas Press |website=WinScore |url=http://www.winscore.info/purchase.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226113228/http://www.winscore.info/purchase.html |archivedate=26 December 2019}}</ref>

In 1990 it cost {{US$|long=no|295}} to update from an earlier version to version 3.

In 1999 it cost {{US$|long=no|125}} to update from 3.11 to 4.0.<ref name="vdg"/>

In 2013 to update to WinScore from version 3 cost {{US$|long=no|200}}, and from version 4, {{US$|long=no|100}}.<ref name="purchase"/>