SCORE (software)

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SCORE is a scorewriter program, written in FORTRAN for MS-DOS by Stanford University Professor Leland Smith (1925–2013) with a reputation for producing very high-quality results.<ref name="holab">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It was widely used in engraving during the 1980s and 1990s and continues to have a small, dedicated following of engravers, many of whom hold the program in high regard due to its ability to position symbols precisely on the page. Several publications set using SCORE have earned Paul Revere and German Musikpresse engraving awards.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Program development

Mainframe origins

The first incarnation of SCORE was written by Leland Smith in 1967 as a means of entering music into the MUSIC V sound generating system running on the PDP-10 mainframe computers at the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (SAIL).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The core concept of SCORE was to break music into a set of items ('objects' in modern terminology) with parameters that describe their characteristics. In this example of an early SCORE routine the beginnings of the parameter system (P2, P3 etc.) can be seen:<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

BUZZ;
P2 RHY/4/2/8//REP 3,2//;
DF 1000.2;
P3 NOTES/P C4/B/C/O B3/C/FINE;
P4 LIT/P3%2/!-52;
P5 .2 10,100 .4 200,210 .2 1,1;
P6 -9999.5;
P7 1000;
P8 FU/1/2//;
END;

As vector graphics terminals became available in the early 1970s, the parametric approach to describing musical information that had been designed for MUSIC V was adapted by Smith into a program he called MSS (the standard abbreviation for manuscripts) for printing musical scores.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The graphics plotters used for output were not able to plot curves so MSS did not use music fonts as they are understood today, instead using user-editable symbol libraries based on polygons, and text was generated from an internal character set.<ref name="scormus">Template:Cite web archived</ref><ref name="cmjobit">Template:Cite journal</ref>

The first printing of a complete musical work set entirely by computer was of Smith's Six Bagatelles for Piano which appeared in December 1971, printed at 100dpi on a CalComp plotter and reduced by a factor of five for printing at 8.5"x11".<ref name=WinScore/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Smith's Woodwind Trio<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> was published using this system in 1973 and Richard Swift, reviewing it for Notes, drew attention to the 'admirable clarity and ease of reading for performer and score reader, easily equivalent to the finest examples of contemporary music printing by other means. This new process claims the serious attention of commercial music publishers for its fine qualities, not the least of which is ease and cheapness of production.'<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The first book about music typeset entirely by computer to be published was his Handbook of Harmonic Analysis in 1979, created on the PDP-10 computer at SAIL using the PUB typesetting program (for more information see External links) in conjunction with MSS. The printing was done at double size on a Varian Data Machines Statos electrostatic plotter and then optically reduced by a factor of two for lithographic printing.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

From its creation until 1985, all development of MSS was either done on the PDP-10 computers at Stanford or during residencies at IRCAM in the Pompidou Centre, Paris.<ref name=WinScore/>

Commercial development

Between 1985 and 1986 MSS was ported to the Tandy 2000 running MS-DOS under its earlier name of SCORE.<ref name="scormus" /> Since personal computers of the time had limited memory (usually around 640KB), SCORE was limited to 32 staves and 1420 items per file. In order to handle complex or lengthy works, users had to work on small portions of the score at any one time, naming their files sequentially. These were then laid out and tiled together before being sent to the printer. In order to save memory further on graphics operations, notation was displayed in 'stick figure' characters and symbols (see first screenshot in Editing music graphically/numerically), which showed exactly the boundaries of the notation but lacked fine detail. There was an option to display the true symbols provided there was enough memory remaining to accommodate them (see Pass 2 screenshot in Entering music symbolically).<ref name="SCORE3">Template:Cite book</ref>

File:SCORE DRAW library files.png

A sample of symbols from the SCORE CODE 9 library. The library consists of a number of .DRW files named sequentially: the first file is LIBRA.DRW, the second LIBRB etc. Each .DRW file in the library contains up to ten glyphs, addressable either by number or name.

SCORE version 1 was released in 1987 by Passport Designs and updated to version 2 in August 1988.<ref name="em1988">Template:Cite magazine</ref> The German music publisher Schott Music began using SCORE in 1988<ref name="cmjobit"/> and their in-house engraving typefaces became the basis for SCORE's symbol library.<ref name="scormus"/> Version 2 also introduced the use of PostScript Type 1 fonts for page text.<ref name="holab"/>

In 1988, Passport Designs sent their programmer Perry Devine to work with Smith to make the program more user-friendly.<ref name="holab"/> They also hired professional engraver William Holab (music editor at G. Schirmer, Inc.<ref name="cmj1993">Template:Cite journal</ref>) to rewrite the manuals, resulting in the release of version 3.0 in 1990.<ref name="SCORE3"/>

The SCORE music publishing system is made up of the main program, SCORE, and these associated utilities:

• JUST, which aligns and justifies large scores with more than 32 staves per system
• PAGE, which handles part extraction, and layout for multiple pages of music simultaneously
• SPRINT, which sends typeset pages to PostScript printers or creates an EPS file
• DRAW, which draws symbols for inclusion in the main (CODE 9) or user-defined (CODE 11) libraries<ref name="additions">Template:Cite book</ref>

ESCORT and SCOREINPUT were sold separately and allowed MIDI input from a MIDI file and a MIDI keyboard, respectively.<ref name="SCORE3"/> SCOREINPUT was created by Dr. Paul Nahay, Smith's former colleague on the music theory and composition faculty in the Department of Music at Stanford University.<ref name="cmj1993"></ref>

Ties with Passport Designs were severed in 1991, and all subsequent versions were distributed and sold by Smith's company, San Andreas Press.<ref name="WinScore"/>

Version 3.10 was released in 1993 and replaced SPRINT with SCORLAS and SCORDOT, which sent output to laser and dot matrix printers.<ref name="additions"/>

Version 3.11 was released in May 1994, and replaced ESCORT and SCOREINPUT with MIDISCOR and MIDISCORWRITE.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> MIDISCOR and MIDISCORWRITE were written by Stephen Gibson of Ararat Software.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> SCORE 3.11 was the final increment of version 3 and is still used commercially today as it is considered by some to be the most mature and stable version that was released.<ref name="holab"/>

The FinalScore utility was released in 1996, which converted PostScript output from the Finale programme into a standard SCORE file, however this became obsolete when Finale 2004 changed the way in which EPS files were created.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

File:SCORE4 floppy disc.jpg

SCORE version 4 was installed from a single 3.5" floppy disk, earlier versions shipped on up to four discs

Version 4.0 (known as SCOR4) was released in May 1998,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="brodhead">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and included automatic lute and guitar tablature systems, MIDI playback, group editing of items, a conditional editor, various user interface improvements relating to file access, and further mouse support.<ref name="scormus" /><ref name="SCOR4">Template:Cite book</ref> Many changes were introduced to make the program more accessible to new users, often making the program more cumbersome for existing professional users in the process - which is one of the reasons version 3 is still so highly regarded.<ref name="brodhead"/>

The last minor update, version 4.01, was released on October 16, 2001,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> although a special version called SCORLAP was released in May 2002 which addressed graphics redraw problems arising with some laptops.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

File:Install CD for WinScore.jpg

Installation CD for WinScore

WinScore, the Microsoft Windows version, was released to beta in March 2009 as version 5.00.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Improvements included increasing the possible number of staves on pages, removing the limits on items and vectors per page, a WYSIWYG interface, use of colour, native MIDI input and playback, extending the number of parameters per item to 36, and integrating all previous SCORE utilities (PAGE, JUST, DRAW, SCORLAS) into the main program.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> WinScore suffered from memory leaks and other bugs which prevented its adoption by many users, and despite officially being released on December 8, 2012, it was still effectively in beta development at the time of its last update to 5.01 on November 1, 2013, six weeks before Smith's death.<ref name="brodhead"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The basis of SCORE was written in FORTRAN with all the mouse and graphics routines written in Intel assembly language. WinScore was created using a combination of Visual C++ and 32-bit DEC FORTRAN.<ref name="scormus" />

After Smith's death

Following Smith's death on December 17, 2013,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> both SCORE and WinScore are no longer sold and the website registrations have lapsed.<ref name="selk">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> At the beginning of 2021 Adobe Inc. announced that support for Type 1 PostScript fonts would end in January 2023.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Pricing

File:SCORE advertisement 1987.png

Advertisement for SCORE from 1987 - capitalisation of the product name was inconsistent: while Smith himself used both SCORE and Score interchangeably, the capitalised version has since become accepted through common use

On release in 1987, SCORE version 1 cost Template:US$,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> version 2 in 1988 was Template:US$,<ref name="em1988"/> version 3 in 1991 was Template:US$,<ref name=signell>Template:Cite journal</ref> version 4 in 1999 was Template:US$,<ref name="vdg">Template:Cite journal</ref> and WinScore, in 2013, was Template:US$.<ref name="purchase">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1990 it cost Template:US$ to update from an earlier version to version 3.

In 1999 it cost Template:US$ to update from 3.11 to 4.0.<ref name="vdg"/>

In 2013 to update to WinScore from version 3 cost Template:US$, and from version 4, Template:US$.<ref name="purchase"/>

Product reviews

File:Advertisement for SCORE, 1989.png

Advertisement for SCORE from 1989

Version 1 was announced in the press at the beginning of 1987 with an expected release date of April that year, and a predicted price tag of $500.<ref name="sjmn1987">Template:Cite news</ref> Its release was noted in the Computer Music Journal issue of winter 1987.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Version 1.1 was reviewed by Computer Music Journal in autumn 1988. DRAW was not yet available, but had been promised. A later reviewer was told by technical support that making the DRAW programme available to users was an afterthought.<ref name="signell"/> On-screen help was described as 'awkward and unenlightening', but the software 'rewards determined effort to climb the learning curve with powerful abilities'. 'For routine music printing, it is probably more expensive, more complicated, and less accommodating than some of its competitors, but Score is more powerful than any of them.'<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Writing for Electronic Musician, Carter Scholz found the interface of version 2.0 'opaque and maddening' though concluded SCORE was an 'amazing' 'power tool' which 'sets a new standard' for professionals for whom ease of use would be less important than the results which could be obtained.<ref name="em1988"/> A math coprocessor was considered essential to prevent the program response being sluggish when handling the floating-point arithmetic for screen operations.

Keyboard's Jim Aikin agreed that a considerable investment of time was required to learn the package.<ref name="k1988">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Scholz had three months and admitted he had only 'scratched the surface' of its capabilities. Aikin came to similar conclusions, suggesting improvements to the interface and input methods would make it more accessible.

PC Magazine, reviewing SCORE at the end of 1988, concluded that the software was aimed at accomplished musicians who were prepared to put in the time to learn it, and that the design of the program and manual were thorough and clear.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Three years later the same magazine described the program as having 'ushered in the era of true desktop music publishing' allowing musicians to turn out 'engraver-quality printed music of any complexity', but still admitting that it had a 'ruthlessly difficult interface', a 'confusing amalgam of command line and function keys' which 'never fully made the transition from the mainframe computers' where it originated. Editing music once entered was 'cumbersome and daunting' and the poor documentation made the program even more inaccessible.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Reviewing version 2.10 in March 1990 for Notes, Garrett Bowles noted that SCORE surpassed any of the other contemporary notation programmes (The Copyist III, DynaDuet, MusicPrinter Plus, The Note Processor, Personal Composer System, and Theme, the Music Editor) on notational complexity, text handling, part extraction, page layout, and spacing of items on the staff. On-screen help was now 'excellent', as were the extensive manuals (although some discussions of operations were considered 'too detailed').<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Karl Signell, writing in spring 1991, observed that version 3 had the most 'ungraceful, counter-intuitive interface', but noted that it was faster than other programmes (including Finale, Music Writer, NoteWriter and Professional Composer) as well as producing one of the most professional looking scores.<ref name=signell/>

Program use

Entering music symbolically

Music is usually entered using text codes from a standard ASCII keyboard (though a MIDI keyboard can be used purely for note pitch entry), and several passes are required to enter all the information. After the page has been set up with appropriate staves, information is entered voice by voice as follows:

• Pass 1 defines note names (including accidentals and staff position, but not duration), rests (not duration), clefs, measure lines, key signatures, time signatures
• Pass 2 defines rhythmic values (durations) for notes and rests
• Pass 3 defines marks: articulations, accents, dynamics etc.
• Pass 4 defines the position of rhythmic beams
• Pass 5 defines the end points of slurs and ties<ref name=WinScore/>

For example, to create these two bars of Bach's Fugue in C minor, BWV 847 from Book I of the Well-Tempered Clavier:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

To create the staff:

<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">IN 1</syntaxhighlight>	Input staff at vertical level 1
<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">0 200 1</syntaxhighlight>	Sets the left end of the staff at position 0, the right end of the staff at position 200, and uses staff level 1 (this staff) as the basis for spacing

The five passes of data entry:

Notes	<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">TR/K3F/4 4/R/C5/BN4/C5/G4/A/C5/B4/C5/D/M1/G4/C5/BN4/C5/D/F4/G/A/G/F/M1/E/MD1;</syntaxhighlight>
Rhythms	<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">E/S//E///S//E///S//E//S//Q/S//H;</syntaxhighlight>
Marks	<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">FE 20/MP .74;</syntaxhighlight>
Beams	<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">2B;</syntaxhighlight>
Slurs	<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">1 +2/6 +7/11 -12/15 -17/18 -19;</syntaxhighlight>

These show the use of the following text codes - note that '/' is a delimiter and ';' marks the end of each pass:

Pass 1

<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">TR</syntaxhighlight>	Treble clef
<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">K3F</syntaxhighlight>	Key signature 3 flats
<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">4 4</syntaxhighlight>	4/4 time signature
<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">R</syntaxhighlight>	Rest
<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">C5</syntaxhighlight>	Note C in octave 5
<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">BN4</syntaxhighlight>	Note B natural in octave 4
<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">M1</syntaxhighlight>	Measure line (barline) on 1 system
<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">MD1</syntaxhighlight>	Double measure line on 1 system

Pass 2

<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">E</syntaxhighlight>	Eighth note (quaver)
<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">S</syntaxhighlight>	Sixteenth note (semiquaver)
<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">Q</syntaxhighlight>	Quarter note (crotchet)
<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">H</syntaxhighlight>	Half note (minim)

After pass 2, numbers are displayed above each note to assist with assigning marks, beams and slurs. The image below also illustrates the results of the 'Show' command to display the true vectors of all items, rather than the 'stick figure' symbols that are usually used.

Example of SCORE's numbering of notes as well as the 'Show' command to display the true vectors of score items

Pass 3

<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">FE 20</syntaxhighlight>	Fermata on note number 20
<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">MP .74</syntaxhighlight>	Mezzo-piano indication at position 0.74

Pass 4

<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">2B</syntaxhighlight>

Beam in groups of 2

Pass 5

<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">1 +2</syntaxhighlight>	Slur from note 1 to note 2, above the notes
<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">11 -12</syntaxhighlight>	Slur from note 11 to note 12, below the notes

Editing music graphically/numerically

Once the music has been entered using the five-stage input process described above, the musical data is converted by SCORE into the following graphical items and stored as a series of numeric parameters:

CODE number	Item type
1	Notes
2	Rests
3	Clefs
4	Lines and hairpins
5	Slurs (ties) and tuplets
6	Beams and tremolandi
7	Trills, ottavas and pedals
8	Staves
9	Symbol library
10	Numbers and rehearsal letters
11	User symbol library
12	Special shapes (including guitar grids)
13	Invisible dummy item (usually used for spacing)
14	Barlines and brackets
15	Graphics
16	Text
17	Key Signatures
18	Time Signatures

Examples of the parameters associated with these items:

citation

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Template:Verth	Name	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth	Template:Verth
1	Notes	Staff No.	Horizontal Position	Vertical Position (Grace Note)	Stem Direction / Accidental	Notehead Type	Rhythmic Duration	Stem Length (Slash for Grace Note)	Flags / Dots	Horizontal Displacement	Articulations	Staff Displacement	Horizontal Displacement of Articulation	Vertical Displacement of Articulation	Size of Note	Ledger Line Thickness	Origin of Stem	Size of Articulation
4	Lines / Hairpins	Staff No.	Left Horizontal Position	Left Vertical Position	Right Vertical Position (Hairpin)	Right Horizontal Position	Type of Line (Normal, Dashed, Wavy)	Length of Dash / Width of Wave	Rotation / Space between Dashes / Height of Wave	Thickness	Left Bracket / Arrowhead	Right Bracket / Arrowhead	Rotation	Partial Hairpin	Vertical Line Offsets	Line End Point Offset	Line End Point Offset	Line End Point Offset
5	Slurs (Ties) / Tuplets / Endings	Staff No.	Left Horizontal Position	Left Vertical Position	Right Vertical Position	Right Horizontal Position	Curvature	Type of Slur (Tuplet / Ending)	Flattening Factor	Centre Point	Dashed Slur	Half Slur / Reversed Slur	Thickness	Partial Slur	Partial Slur	No. in Middle	Horizontal Displacement of No.	Vertical Displacement of No.
6	Beams / Tremolandi	Staff No.	Left Horizontal Position	Left Vertical Position (Cue Size)	Right Vertical Position	Right Horizontal Position	Stem Direction (Implied)	No. Above (Auto Divide)	Displacement	1st Secondary Beam Tremolandi	Left Position of 1st Secondary	Right Position of 1st Secondary	2nd Secondary Beam	Left Position of 2nd Secondary (left offset)	Right Position of 2nd Secondary (right offset)	Horizontal Position of Number over Beam	Thickness	Size
10	Numbers / Rehearsal Letters	Staff No.	Horizontal Position	Vertical Position	Number / Letter	Size	Font	Circle / Box Around	Thickness of Number (built-in fonts)	Thickness of Box / Circle	Horizontal Size (Box / Circle)	Vertical Size (Box / Circle)	Vertical Position of Number	Space between Digits	Horizontal Displacement of Number	Make Number Justifiable	Letter after Number	Extended Numbers / Letters
14	Barlines / Brackets	Staff No.	Horizontal Position	No. of Staves Connected	Type	Thickness	Horizontal Displacement	Partial Bracket	Size of Space (Dashed Barlines)	Origination Point	End Point	Marker for PAGE	Space between Double or Repeat Bars	Space between Dots and Lines of Repeat Bars	...	Vertical Position of Repeat Dots	Special Double Bar Spacings	Sets Gap in Bar
												Size of Dots with Repeat Bars
17	Key Signatures	Staff No.	Horizontal Position	Vertical Position	No. (type) of Accidentals	Clef Type	Space Between Accidentals	Irregular Key Signatures	Irregular Key Signatures	Irregular Key Signatures	Irregular Key Signatures	Irregular Key Signatures	Irregular Key Signatures	Ignore Lineup and Justify	Horizontal Displacement	Irregular Key Signatures	Irregular Key Signatures	Extended Numbers / Letters

Here then is the numerical representation of the BWV 847 fugue theme example. Each line represents one graphical item as a CODE number (item type) and associated numeric parameters. The second number is the staff on which the item belongs, and the third is the horizontal position of the item along the full width of the paper, with 0 representing the left margin, and 200 representing the right margin. The fourth number often contains the vertical position on the staff - the bottom line of the staff is vertical position 3, the bottom space of the staff is 4, and so on.

8 1 0 0 0 200
3 1 1.5
17 1 9.416 0 -3
18 1 19.016 0 4 4
2 1 26.516 0 1 0 0.5
1 1 34.835 8 20 0 0.25
9 1 34.835 -3 54 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5
6 1 34.835 8 7 41.43 22
5 1 34.835 10 10 41.43 1.1093 -1
1 1 41.435 7 23 0 0.25
1 1 47.233 8 10 0 0.5 -1
6 1 47.233 7 5.5 55.55 11
1 1 55.551 5 10 0 0.5 0.5
1 1 64.122 6 20 0 0.5
6 1 64.122 6 7 78.24 21 0 0 11 72.44 78.24
1 1 72.441 8 20 0 0.25 1.33
5 1 72.441 10 10 78.24 1.1092 -1
1 1 78.239 7 20 0 0.25
1 1 84.037 8 20 0 0.5
6 1 84.037 8 9 92.36 21
1 1 92.355 9 20 0 0.5
14 1 100.842 1
1 1 104.174 5 10 0 0.5 3
6 1 104.174 8 8 119.09 11 0 0 11 112.49 119.09
1 1 112.493 8 10 0 0.25
5 1 112.493 6 4 119.09 -1.3092 -1
1 1 119.093 7 13 0 0.25 1
1 1 125.143 8 20 0 0.5
6 1 125.143 8 9 133.46 21
1 1 133.462 9 20 0 0.5
1 1 141.781 4 10 0 0.25
6 1 141.781 4 5 147.58 12
5 1 141.781 2 4 153.38 -1.5185 -1
1 1 147.578 5 10 0 0.25
1 1 153.376 6 10 0 1
1 1 165.476 5 10 0 0.25
6 1 165.476 5 4 171.27 12
5 1 165.476 2 2 171.27 -1.1092 -1
1 1 171.274 4 10 0 0.25
14 1 178.274 1
1 1 181.606 3 10 1 2 0 0 0 14
14 1 200 1 1

File:Screenshot of SCOR4 being used to engrave music.jpg

Screenshot of SCORE version 4 being used to engrave music

File:Screenshot of WinScore DRAW being used to edit a music symbol.png

Screenshot of the WinScore DRAW editor being used to edit a treble clef

Unlike most music typesetting editors, understanding and manipulation of these numerical parameters are expected of SCORE users. To access the numeric parameters of items within SCORE, a user clicks on a graphical element, and a list of the parameters is displayed at the top of the editor - as shown in the first screenshot, where a slur is selected (notice the black vertical arrow above the staff at the beginning of the third bar).

SCORE was creative in packing as much information as possible into each numeric parameter. For example, Parameter 5 of CODE 1 is described as 'stem direction/accidental' but uses each place value to encode a different piece of information. Note that by SCORE default, only the top note of a chord has a stem, all the other notes are stemless. So a down-stemmed sharp would have a P5 of 22. An up-stemmed flat with a left offset of 2.5 would be 11.25. A stemless natural with a right offset of 3 would be 3.93, and if it were bracketed it would be 103.93.<ref name="SCORE3"/>

Left digit (hundreds)	Function
0	No brackets
1	Bracketed accidental

Middle digit (tens)	Function
0	No stem
1	Stem up
2	Stem down

Right digit (units)	Function
0	No accidental
1	Flat
2	Sharp
3	Natural
4	Double flat
5	Double sharp
6	Quarter-tone flat
7	Three-quarter-tone flat
8	Quarter-tone sharp
9	Three-quarter-tone sharp

Digits after decimal point	Function
.000 - .899	Displace to left (x10)
.9000 - .9999	Discard initial 9 and displace to right (x10)

File:Demonstration of SCORE CODE1 P5.png

Demonstration of CODE1 P5 to control accidentals and stems

Here are selected examples of items from the numeric parameter data of the fugue example:

CODE (P1)	P2	P3
3 (Clefs)	Staff No.	Horizontal Position
	1.0	1.50

The key signature:

CODE (P1)	P2	P3	P4	P5
17 (Key Signatures)	Staff No.	Horizontal Position	Vertical Position	No. (type) of Accidentals
	1.0	9.5	.00	-3.00

The time signature:

CODE (P1)	P2	P3	P4	P5	P6
18 (Meter Signatures)	Staff No.	Horizontal Position	Vertical Position	Top No.	Bottom No.
	1.0	19.6	.00	4.00	4.00

The dynamic marking ('mp'):

CODE (P1)	P2	P3	P4	P5	P6
9 (Symbol Library)	Staff No.	Horizontal Position	Vertical Position	Library No.	Horizontal Size
	1.0	21.17	-2.00	54.00*	1.00

* See bottom right entry in character table in the first picture

The rest in the first bar:

CODE (P1)	P2	P3	P4	P5	P6	P7
2 (Rests)	Staff No.	Horizontal Position	Vertical Position (Cue Size)	Type of Rest	Dots (Invisible Rest)	Rhythmic Duration
	1.0	26.60	.00	1.00	.00	.500

The first B natural in the first bar:

CODE (P1)	P2	P3	P4	P5	P6	P7	P8	P9
1 (Notes)	Staff No.	Horizontal Position	Vertical Position	Stem Direction / Accidental	Notehead Type	Rhythmic Duration	Stem Length	Flags / Dots
	1.0	32.96	7.00	23.00	.00	.250	.00	.00

The second slur in the first bar:

CODE (P1)	P2	P3	P4	P5	P6	P7	P8
5 (Slurs)	Staff No.	Left Horizontal Position	Left Vertical Position	Right Vertical Position	Right Horizontal Position	Curvature	Type of Slur (Tuplet / Ending)
	1.0	63.43	10.00	10.00	67.78	1.118	-1.00

The first barline:

CODE (P1)	P2	P3	P4
14 (Barlines / Brackets)	Staff No.	Horizontal Position	No. of Staves Connected
	1.0	89.54	1.00

The last note (half note, or minim):

CODE (P1)	P2	P3	P4	P5	P6	P7	P8	P9	P10	P11
1 (Notes)	Staff No.	Horizontal Position	Vertical Position	Stem Direction / Accidental	Notehead Type	Rhythmic Duration	Stem Length	Flags / Dots	Horizontal Displacement	Articulations
	1.0	166.18	3.00	10.00	1.00	2.000	.00	.00	.00	14.00

Editing text

In version 1 PostScript text fonts were not used for printing, only the stick-figure characters used within the programme and an internal version of the Bodoni typeface, and text could only be edited by altering the ASCII codes for each character individually within the CODE16 parameters.<ref name="SCORE1">Template:Cite book</ref> Version 2 allowed the use of PostScript Type 1 fonts and provided a more convenient method of editing text, but unfortunately only a subset of the glyphs within the chosen font could be used by SCORE.<ref name="holab"/> Different fonts were selected by using an escape sequence at the start of the text. Escape codes _00 to _34 selected the Base 35 fonts of the Adobe PostScript Level 2 font set, and codes _35 to _89 could be assigned by the user. Some characters not available on a standard keyboard were obtained by using another escape sequence, for example:<ref name="SCORE3"/>

<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">!0</syntaxhighlight>

<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">!1</syntaxhighlight>

<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">!2</syntaxhighlight>

<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">!3</syntaxhighlight>

<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">!4</syntaxhighlight>

<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">!5</syntaxhighlight>

<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">!6</syntaxhighlight>

<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">!7</syntaxhighlight>

<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">!8</syntaxhighlight>

<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">!9</syntaxhighlight>

<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">!a</syntaxhighlight>

<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">!A</syntaxhighlight>

<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">!d</syntaxhighlight>

<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">!D</syntaxhighlight>

<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">!e</syntaxhighlight>

<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">!g</syntaxhighlight>

<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">!h</syntaxhighlight>

<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1"><<e</syntaxhighlight>

<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">^^o</syntaxhighlight>

<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">%%u</syntaxhighlight>

<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">##c</syntaxhighlight>

<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">?a</syntaxhighlight>

<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">~a</syntaxhighlight>

•

„

”

¡

¢

£

§

¤

'

“

å

Å

†

‡

…

«

»

é

ô

ü

ç

æ

ã

To set the text "Fête-Dieu à Séville by Isaac Albéniz" in variants of Times Roman would require the sequence

_02F^^ete-Dieu >>a S<<eville _00by Isaac _01Alb<<eniz

where

<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">_02</syntaxhighlight>	Times Italic
<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">^^e</syntaxhighlight>	ê (e circumflex)
<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">>>a</syntaxhighlight>	à (a grave)
<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1"><<e</syntaxhighlight>	é (e acute)
<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">_00</syntaxhighlight>	Times Roman
<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">_01</syntaxhighlight>	Times Bold

It was only possible to use glyphs other than those already escaped within SCORE by manually editing the font files, re-encoding SCORE's font templates (a third-party utility called AFM2PSC was written to facilitate this), or editing the final EPS file.

Conditional editing

With version 4, conditional editing was included in the main program. This allowed users to write conditional statements in a language similar to BASIC.<ref name="SCOR4"/> Prior to this it had only been possible by using third party utilities: ScorEdit from Ararat Software,<ref name=scoredit>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and EDITSCOR from Brodhead Music Typography.<ref>Template:Cite web archived</ref>

For example,

<syntaxhighlight lang="basic" class="" style="" inline="1">IF P3>100 THEN P3=P3-20</syntaxhighlight> will move all items on all staves which are beyond position 100 (<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">P3>100</syntaxhighlight>), 20 steps to the left (<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">P3-20</syntaxhighlight>).

<syntaxhighlight lang="basic" class="" style="" inline="1">IF (P1=1 AND P2<4) OR (P1=2 AND P2>=6) THEN DEL</syntaxhighlight> will delete all notes (<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">P1=1</syntaxhighlight>) on staves lower than 4 (<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">P2<4</syntaxhighlight>) and all rests (<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">P1=2</syntaxhighlight>) on staves greater than or equal to 6 (<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">P2>=6</syntaxhighlight>).

<syntaxhighlight lang="basic" class="" style="" inline="1">IF (P1=1 AND P2>3 AND MOD(P9,10)<>0) OR (P1=1 AND P2=1 AND P3>100) THEN P11=5, P6=6</syntaxhighlight> If notes (<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">P1=1</syntaxhighlight>) are on a staff above 3 (<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">P2>3</syntaxhighlight>) and have tails (the result of P9 MOD 10 is not 0), or notes (<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">P1=1</syntaxhighlight>) are on staff 1 (<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">P2=1</syntaxhighlight>) and to the right of position 100 (<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">P3>100</syntaxhighlight>), then the notes will be given an accent (<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">P11=5</syntaxhighlight>) and an X-shaped notehead (<syntaxhighlight lang="text" class="" style="" inline="1">P6=6</syntaxhighlight>).

Some functionality was limited in the implementation, such as nested parentheses being unsupported (except for use with MOD()), being unable to edit text, being unable to cross-compare and edit different items simultaneously, and being unable to read macros in sequence from a source file. Users wishing to employ these methods had to use the third party utilities described earlier.

WinScore allowed macros to be read in sequence from source files, but did not add any more functions.<ref name="WinScore"/>

Output

File:Example output of the SCORE Music Publishing System.jpg

Example output of the SCORE Music Publishing System (EPS converted to PDF and then JPG)

Music notation data is saved in a proprietary but open format:

The files are saved in binary format where the first word is the word count for the entire file. The word count is normally a 16-bit integer; however, if the word count exceeds about 31000, then a 32-bit integer is used. Saved files with less than 31000 words can be read back into the earlier versions of SCORE, except, of course, any new features of WinScore will be ignored. Files with greater than 31000 words cannot be read by the earlier versions of SCORE. The files are concluded with a 6-word trailer. The last word is -9999. The next word back is the count of the preceding trailer words (currently 5). The next word back is the measurement code (0 = inches, 1 = metric). The next back is the program version number. The next is the program serial number (a converted integer). The first word of the trailer is currently undefined. After the initial integer word count, the rest of the file consists entirely of 4-byte (32-bit) floating-point words. Each item is defined by a parameter count followed by its given parameters.<ref name=WinScore/>

Files are usually given the extensions ".mus" or ".pag", though any extension is permitted.<ref name="SCORE3"/> (Finale also uses the extension ".mus" though the file format is different).

SCORE creates PostScript graphics that can either be sent to a PostScript printer or saved as an Encapsulated PostScript file. For creating publications the EPS graphics can be imported into a desktop publishing program.<ref name="SCORE3"/>

Extensions and utilities

There are a number of third party utilities which take advantage of the open file format to extend the programs' functionalities and share data with other notation programs. These are among the most notable:

Developer	Name	Dates	Version	Purpose
Thomas Brodhead	ACCS	2002-2013	2.01	Accidentals editor using intelligent kerning, stacking and placement algorithms<ref>Template:Cite web archived</ref>
	AFM2PSC	2001-2008	1.02c	Allows character glyphs which would be otherwise unavailable in SCORE to be substituted for existing characters<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
	BEAM	1996-2013	3.05	Uses a set of user-editable beam charts to make optimum beam angle and stem length choices, centre tuplet numbers over beams, handle cross-staff beaming, avoid rest collisions with beams, all while taking into account the surrounding musical context<ref>Template:Cite web archived</ref>
	EDITSCOR	1996-2013	3.51	Conditional editor, allowing search-and-replace on text, comparison and editing of multiple items simultaneously, and the use of multiple macro files<ref>Template:Cite web archived</ref>
	EPSFONTS	2003-2013	2.19	Embeds PostScript Type 1 fonts into SCORE-generated EPS files, removing the need for the fonts to be downloaded to the printer separately<ref>Template:Cite web archived</ref>
	LABELS	2003-2013	3.80	Automates the creation of margin labels and margin barlines, converts between French and German score layouts (removing staves with no notes or restoring them), creates transposed cues and part extraction scores<ref>Template:Cite web archived</ref>
	LJ	1999-2013	1.26	Lineup-and-Justify (horizontal spacing editor), allows the user to control all aspects of horizontal justification<ref>Template:Cite web archived</ref>
	SETCOLOR	2007-2012	1.01	Simplifies the coloring of items using RGB or CMYK<ref>Template:Cite web archived</ref>
	SETGRAY	2004	1.05	Simplifies setting the grey level of items<ref>Template:Cite web archived</ref>
	VJ	1999-2013	1.19	Vertical Justification editor, allowing greater control of how vertical space is allocated<ref>Template:Cite web archived</ref>
Stephen Gibson	ScorEdit	1996-date	3.80	GUI-based conditional editor, allowing search-and-replace on text, comparison and editing of multiple items simultaneously, and the use of multiple macro files. Additional routines are provided for editing beam angles from a user-controlled library, removing or restoring unused staves, justification and report generation<ref name="scoredit"/>
	MidiScorWrite	1993-2000	2.60	Transcribes Type 1 MIDI files and NIFF files into a SCORE-readable text file<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
	MidiScor	1993-2011	3.01	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	Flist	1993-2009	3.5	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Jan de Kloe	SIP	1992-2022	7.0.0.178	Score Information Package with modules to edit score items, check consistency of notation and layout, verify note duration and time signatures, calculate the cost of a project based on user-controlled rates, convert Sibelius and Finale files to SCORE, import and export from MusicXML, as well as provide a central 'workbench' to manipulate SCORE files using tools provided by other third-party developers<ref name="dekloe">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	ScoreEngine	2007-2022	5.0.0.40	A 32-bit GUI emulation of all the SCORE applications allowing work to be conducted on modern Windows operating systems without using DOSBox<ref name="dekloe"/>
Sergey Lebedev Vyacheslav Tsypine Pyotr Trubinov	LASCOR32	2002-2005	2.75	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="callon">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Christoph Lübbe	SCOREMID	1993-1996	1.1	Converts files created in SCORE to standard MIDI files<ref name="callon"/>
Jürgen Selk	ScorBox	2011-2021	Template:N/a	A set of macros for the Macro Express application which allows SCORE to be run within DOSBox with flexibility and customisable menus, macros, and job chains<ref name="selk"/>
Thomas Weber	seps4id	2008-2010	1.0.4	'SCORE EPS for InDesign' - edits SCORE-generated EPS files so they can be handled properly by Adobe InDesign CS3, and also explicitly closes all polygons to avoid cut-outs when EPS files are viewed at high magnifications<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Use with modern systems

The MS-DOS versions of SCORE can still be run on modern operating systems through the use of virtual machines, though accommodations need to be made for their age.<ref>Template:Cite web archived</ref><ref name="selk"/><ref name="dekloe"/> The most common MS-DOS emulators for SCORE are DOSBox in Windows, or Boxer<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> in macOS.

References

<references/>

External links

• Leland Smith Interview at NAMM Oral History Library
• Stanford and the Computer Music Revolution at CCRMA
• Musical score page layout using SCORE at YouTube
• Demonstration of using the LABELS utility with SCORE at YouTube
• PUB (early document compiler) manual and information
• How I Designed a Free Music Font for 5 Million Musicians (MuseScore 3.6) at YouTube
• The Story of Charles Ives, Part 2: The Fourth Symphony and Its Life after Ives at YouTube