Editing Sibawayh (section)

==Biography==
Born circa 143/760, Sibawayh was from [[Shiraz]], in today's [[Fars province]], [[Iran]].{{sfn|Zubaydī (al-)|1984|loc=§6 (#22)|p=66}}{{refn|group=n|Versteegh gives Sibawayh's birth-place as [[Hamadan]]<ref name=ver58>Kees Versteegh, ''The Arabic Language'', pg. 58. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2001. Paperback edition of the 1997 first edition. {{ISBN|9780748614363}}</ref> in Western Iran, however neither [[Ibn Nadim]] nor [[Ibn Khallikan]], whose work seems based on the former's, mention his place of birth, and merely state he was Persian. Only Al-Zubaydī reports an ''akhbar'' (tradition) from Abū 'Alī al-Baghdadī that Sibawayh was born in a village near Shiraz.}} Reports vary, some saying he went first to [[Basra]], then to [[Baghdad]], and finally back to the village of al-Baida near Shiraz where he died between 177/793 and 180/796, while another says he died in Basra in 161/777.{{sfn|Khallikan (Ibn)|1843|p=397}}<ref name=":1">{{cite book|editor-last=[[Bayard Dodge|Dodge]] |editor-first=Bayard |translator-last=Dodge |translator-first=B |title=The Fihrist of al-Nadim A Tenth Century Survey of Muslim Culture |publisher=Columbia University Press |place=New York & London |year=1970 |volume=1 |pages=111–114}}</ref><ref name=":0"/>
His Persian nickname ''Sibuyeh'', arabized as ''Sībawayh(i)'', means "scent of apples" coming from the Persian root word ''sib'' meaning apple and reportedly refers to his "sweet breath."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Versteegh |first1=Kees |title=Landmarks in Linguistic Thought III: The Arabic Linguistic Tradition |date=1997 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=0-203-44415-9 |page=29}}</ref> A protégé of the [[Banu Harith]] b. Ka'b b. 'Amr b. 'Ulah b. Khalid b. Malik b. Udad,<ref>{{citation|last=Durayd |editor-last=[[Ferdinand Wüstenfeld|Wüstenfeld]] |editor-first=Ferdinand |editor2-last=Gottingen |editor2-first=Dieterich |title=Kitab al-Ishtiqaq (Ibn Doreid's genealogisch-etymologisches Handbuch) |year=1854| pages=155, 237}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Kitab al-Ishtiqaq (New edition) |editor='Abd al-Salam Muh. Harun |place=Cairo |publisher=Al-Khanji | year=1958}}</ref> he learned the dialects (languages) from Abu al-Khattab [[al-Akhfash al-Akbar]] (the Elder) and others. He came to [[Iraq]] in the days of [[Harun al-Rashid]] when he was thirty-two years old and died in Persia when he was over forty.<ref name=":1"/> He was a student of the two eminent grammarians [[Yunus ibn Habib]] and [[Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi]], the latter of whom he was most indebted.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Florentin |last1=Smarandache |first2=Salah |last2=Osman |title=Neutrosophy in Arabic Philosophy |page=83 |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan |publisher=American Research Press |year=2007 |isbn=9781931233132}}</ref><ref>[[Aryeh Levin]], "Sibawayh." Taken from ''History of language sciences: an international handbook on the evolution of the study of language from the beginnings to the present'', pg. 252. Ed. Sylvain Auroux. Berlin: [[Walter de Gruyter]], 2000. {{ISBN|9783110111033}}</ref><ref>[[Francis Joseph Steingass]], ''The Assemblies of Al Harîri: The first twenty-six assemblies'', pg. 498. Volume 3 of Oriental translation fund. Trns. [[Thomas Chenery]]. Williams and Norgate, 1867.</ref>