Editing Tokoyama (section)

==Traditional theater==
===Kabuki===
[[File:Japanese wig master.jpg|thumb|left|250px|A kabuki {{Transliteration|ja|tokoyama}} with various wigs backstage at a traditional theater.]]
In [[kabuki]], the hairstyle, and more specifically the wig, is an important element of the art, as no actor appears on stage without one.{{sfn|Halford|Halford|1956|p=470}} The craftsmen who comb the actors' hair are called {{Transliteration|ja|tokoyama}}.{{sfn|Halford|Halford|1956|p=470}} They are not responsible for creating the wigs (which is the responsibility of wig makers called the {{Transliteration|ja|katsuraya}}), but for fitting and finishing them before the actors go on stage.{{sfn|Leiter|2006|p=402}} Kabuki {{Transliteration|ja|tokoyama}} are the only ones to be divided into groups called {{Nihongo|''sangai tokoyama''|三階床山||{{lit|third floor {{Transliteration|ja|tokoyama}}}}}} and {{Nihongo|''nikai tokoyama''|二階床山||{{lit|second floor {{Transliteration|ja|tokoyama}}}}}}.{{sfn|Gunji|1985|p=50}} These names were inspired by the floors of the [[Kabuki-za]] on which the {{Transliteration|ja|tokoyama}} work on their wigs.<ref name="kabukiza">{{cite web|url=https://www.kabuki-za.co.jp/sya/vol7.html|title=歌舞伎座写真ギャラリー - VOL.7 歌舞伎座の「床山部屋」|language=ja|work=[[Kabuki-za]]|accessdate=5 January 2024}}</ref> With each group of {{Transliteration|ja|tokoyama}} comes a specialization, and the 'second floor' {{Transliteration|ja|tokoyama}} specialize in styling the hair of actors [[Onnagata|playing female roles]], while the 'third floor' specialize in styling male characters.{{sfn|Gunji|1985|p=17}} Cases where a {{Transliteration|ja|tokoyama}} does not specialize are rare, but they do exist.<ref name="kabukibito">{{cite web|url=https://www.kabuki-bito.jp/special/stage/tepco-hirameki/post-hirameki-29/2/|title=役柄の数だけ、髪の形がある|language=ja|website=Kabuki-bito|date=10 March 2009 |publisher=[[Shochiku]]|accessdate=5 January 2024}}</ref> Kabuki {{Transliteration|ja|tokoyama}} are assigned to specific actors on a full-time basis.<ref name="kabukiza"/><ref name="kabukibito"/> 
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==={{Transliteration|ja|Bunraku}}===
In {{Transliteration|ja|[[bunraku]]}}, puppets are coiffed like real actors.<ref name="jafoundation">{{cite web|url=https://performingarts.jpf.go.jp/E/art_interview/1006/1.html|title=Another fascination of Bunraku - The world of the "tokoyama" hair designer. Akiko Takahashi (Bunraku puppet hair dressing artist)|work=[[Japan Foundation]]|date=20 July 2010|accessdate=8 January 2024}}</ref> {{Transliteration|ja|Bunraku}} puppet theater is organized into two guilds. One, the {{Transliteration|ja|Bunraku Kyokai}}, groups together the artists ({{Transliteration|ja|[[shamisen]]}} players, puppeteers and narrators), while the other, the National Bunraku Theatre, groups together the support professions (costume and doll-head stewards). {{Transliteration|ja|Tokoyama}} belong to the latter organization.<ref name="jafoundation"/> Unlike in kabuki, the {{Transliteration|ja|tokoyama}} in {{Transliteration|ja|bunraku}} are responsible for both creating the wig and styling it.<ref name="jafoundation"/> In {{Transliteration|ja|bunraku}}, the {{Transliteration|ja|tokoyama}} receives instructions from the {{Transliteration|ja|kashirawari-iin}}, a theater steward selecting puppet heads from about 400 options, to show subtle differences in what the characters are expressing.{{sfn|Leiter|2006|pp=319-320}} Once the wig has been chosen, the {{Transliteration|ja|tokoyama}} is then responsible for styling it to match the puppet.{{sfn|Leiter|2006|pp=319-320}} There are about 120 different hairstyles, with about 80 for men and 40 for women.<ref name="jafoundation"/>