Editing Total institution (section)

==Etymology==
{{anchor|Term origins}}
The term is sometimes credited as having been coined and defined by [[Canadian]] sociologist [[Erving Goffman]] in his paper "On the Characteristics of Total Institutions", presented in April 1957 at the [[Walter Reed Army Institute of Research|Walter Reed Institute]]'s Symposium on Preventive and Social Psychiatry.<ref name="Goffman"/>{{rp|1}}  An expanded version appeared in [[Donald Cressey]]'s collection, ''The Prison'',<ref name="Cressey">{{cite book |title=The Prison: Studies in Institutional Organization and Change |url=https://archive.org/details/prisonstudiesini00cres |url-access=registration |editor=Donald R. Cressey |year=1961 |publisher=Holt |location=New York}}</ref> and was reprinted in Goffman's 1961 collection, ''[[Asylums (book)|Asylums]]''.<ref name="Frank"/><ref name="Extracts"/><ref name="Goffman"/>{{rp|1}} Fine and Manning, however, note that Goffman heard the term in lectures by [[Everett Hughes (sociologist)|Everett Hughes]] (likely during the late-1940s seminar, "Work and Occupations").<ref name="fm36">{{cite book|last1=Fine|first1=Gary Alan|last2=Smith|first2=Gregory W. H.|title=Erving Goffman. Vol. 1–4|year=2000|publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE]]|isbn=0-7619-6863-6|page=36}}</ref> Regardless of whether Goffman coined the term, he can be credited with popularizing it.<ref name="Tonry2011">{{cite book|author=Michael Tonry|title=The Oxford Handbook of Crime and Criminal Justice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lSHkIF7tamgC&pg=PA884|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-539508-2|page=884}}</ref>
The totality of total institutions varies according to the type of institution, guiding ideology, etc.