Editing Shilha language (section)

=== Consonants ===
[[File:Tamazightchelha.ogg|thumb|right|180px|Speech sample in Shilha (Chelha).]]
The chart below represents Tashlhiyt consonants in IPA, with orthographical representations added between angled brackets when different:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ridouane |first=Rachid |date=2014 |title=Tashlhiyt Berber |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=208 |doi=10.1017/S0025100313000388 |jstor=26351981 |s2cid=232344118 |issn=0025-1003|doi-access=free }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyn-<br>geal]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-style="font-size:85%"
! plain || [[Pharyngealization|phar.]]
! plain || [[Labialization|lab.]]
! plain || [[Labialization|lab.]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n̪}}
|  || || || || || || ||
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
|
| {{IPA link|t̪}}
| {{IPA link|t̪ˤ}} {{angbr|ṭ}}
|
| {{IPA link|k}}
| {{IPA link|kʷ}} {{angbr|k°}}
| {{IPA link|q}}
| {{IPA link|qʷ}} {{angbr|q°}}
|
|
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiced</small>]]
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|d̪}}
| {{IPA link|d̪ˤ}} {{angbr|ḍ}}
|
| {{IPA link|g}}
| {{IPA link|gʷ}} {{angbr|g°}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
| {{IPA link|f}}
| {{IPA link|s̪}}
| {{IPA link|s̪ˤ}} {{angbr|ṣ}}
| {{IPA link|ʃ}} {{angbr|c}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|χ}} {{angbr|x}}
| {{IPA link|χʷ}} {{angbr|x°}}
| {{IPA link|ʜ}} {{angbr|ḥ}}
|
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiced</small>]]
|
| {{IPA link|z̪}}
| {{IPA link|z̪ˤ}} {{angbr|ẓ}}
| {{IPA link|ʒ}} {{angbr|j}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ʁ}} {{angbr|ɣ}}
| {{IPA link|ʁʷ}} {{angbr|ɣ°}}
| {{IPA link|ʢ}} {{angbr|ɛ}}
| {{IPA link|ɦ}} {{angbr|h}}
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant]]
|
| {{IPA link|l̪}}
| {{IPA link|l̪ˤ}} {{angbr|ḷ}}
| {{IPA link|j}} {{angbr|y}}
|
| {{IPA link|w}}
|  ||  ||  ||
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
| {{IPA link|r̪}}
| {{IPA link|r̪ˤ}} {{angbr|ṛ}}
| ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|}

Additional phonemic consonants occur sporadically in recent loanwords, for example {{IPA|/bʷ/}} as in {{Lang|shi-latn|bb°a}} "(my) father" (from Moroccan Arabic), and {{IPA|/p/}} as in {{Lang|shi-latn|laplaj}} "beach" (from French).{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

Like other Berber languages and Arabic, Tashlhiyt has both [[Pharyngealization|pharyngealized]] ("emphatic") and plain dental consonants.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Kossmann |first=Maarten |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/795895594 |title=The Afroasiatic languages |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |others=Zygmunt Frajzyngier, Erin Shay |isbn=978-1-139-42364-9 |location=Cambridge |pages=22–23 |chapter=Berber |oclc=795895594}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Roettger |first=Timo B. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1030816520 |title=Tonal placement in Tashlhiyt : How an intonation system accommodates to adverse phonological environments. |date=2017 |publisher=Language Science Press |isbn=978-3-944675-99-2 |location=Berlin |pages=37 |oclc=1030816520}}</ref> There is also a distinction between [[Labialization|labialized]] and plain [[dorsal consonant|dorsal]] [[obstruent]]s.<ref name=":0" /> Consonant [[gemination]] or length is contrastive.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ridouane |first=Rachid |date=2014 |title=Tashlhiyt Berber |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=211 |doi=10.1017/S0025100313000388 |jstor=26351981 |s2cid=232344118 |issn=0025-1003|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==== Semivowels ====
The semivowels {{IPA|/w/}} and {{IPA|/j/}} have vocalic allophones {{IPA|[u]}} and {{IPA|[i]}} between consonants (C_C) and between consonant and pause (C_# and #_C). Similarly, the high vowels {{IPA|/u/}} and {{IPA|/i/}} can have consonantal allophones {{IPA|[w]}} and {{IPA|[j]}} in order to avoid a hiatus. In most dialects,<ref>The speech of the Ighchan, and possibly other Shilha variants, often retains the original semivowels (Galand 1988, 2.9), and this can also be seen in premodern manuscript texts (van den Boogert 1997:249).</ref> the semivowels are thus in complementary distribution with the high vowels, with the semivowels occurring as onset or coda, and the high vowels as nucleus in a syllable. This surface distribution of the semivowels and the high vowels has tended to obscure their status as four distinct phonemes, with some linguists denying phonemic status to /w/ and /j/.<ref>Applegate (1958), Dell and Elmedlaoui (1985, 2002), Ridouane (2008).</ref>

Positing four distinct phonemes is necessitated by the fact that semivowels and high vowels can occur in sequence, in lexically determined order, for example {{Lang|shi-latn|tazdwit}} "bee", {{Lang|shi-latn|tahruyt}} "ewe" (not *{{Lang|shi-latn|tazduyt}}, *{{Lang|shi-latn|tahrwit}}). In addition, semivowels {{IPA|/w/}} and {{IPA|/j/}}, like other consonants, occur long, as in {{Lang|shi-latn|afawwu}} "wrap", {{Lang|shi-latn|tayyu}} "camel's hump".<ref>This issue is discussed in connection with other languages by Dixon (2010:284).</ref> The assumption of four phonemes also results in a more efficient description of morphology.<ref>Van den Boogert (1997:247–8), with examples.</ref>

In the examples below, {{Lang|shi-latn|w}} and {{Lang|shi-latn|y}} are transcribed phonemically in some citation forms, but always phonetically in context, for example {{Lang|shi-latn|ysti-}} "the daughters of", {{Lang|shi-latn|dars snat istis}} "he has two daughters".

==== Gemination and length ====
Any consonant in Tashlhiyt, in any position within a word, may be simple or geminate. There may be up to two geminates in a stem, and up to three in a word.<ref name=":1" />

The role of gemination varies:<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Elmedlaoui |first=Mohamed |title=Semitic and Afroasiatic: challenges and opportunities |date=2012 |publisher=Harrassowitz |isbn=978-3-447-06695-2 |editor-last=Edzard |editor-first=Lutz |series=Porta linguarum orientalium |location=Wiesbaden |pages=143 |chapter=Berber}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" |Word with Simple Consonant
! colspan="2" |Word with Geminate Consonant
! rowspan="2" |Role of Gemination
|-
!Tashlhiyt
!Translation
!Tashlhiyt
!Translation
|-
|''tamda''
|pond
|''tamdda''
|brown buzzard
|lexical difference
|-
|''zdi''
|to stick ([[Perfect (grammar)|perfect]])
|''zddi''
|to stick ([[Imperfective aspect|imperfective]])
|morphology
|}
Gemination also may occur due to phonological assimilation. For example, the following phrase would be realized as [babllfirma]:<ref name=":1" />

{{Interlinear|lang=shi-latn|indent=2
|top= babllfirma
|bab n{{=}}l-firma
|owner of{{=}}farm
|the owner of the farm}}

Some consonants are realized differently during morphological gemination; {{Lang|shi-latn|ḍḍ}} as {{Lang|shi-latn|ṭṭ}}, {{Lang|shi-latn|ww}} as {{Lang|shi-latn|gg°}}, {{Lang|shi-latn|ɣɣ}} as {{Lang|shi-latn|qq}}, and {{Lang|shi-latn|ɣɣ°}} as {{Lang|shi-latn|qq°}}.<ref name=":1" />