Editing Diacritic (section)

==Languages with letters containing diacritics==
The following languages have letters with diacritics that are orthographically distinct from those without diacritics.

=== Latin script ===
====Baltic====
:* [[Latvian alphabet|Latvian]] has the following letters: {{angbr|[[ā]]}}, {{angbr|[[ē]]}}, {{angbr|[[ī]]}}, {{angbr|[[ū]]}}, {{angbr|[[č]]}}, {{angbr|[[ģ]]}}, {{angbr|[[ķ]]}}, {{angbr|[[ļ]]}}, {{angbr|[[ņ]]}}, {{angbr|[[š]]}}, {{angbr|[[ž]]}}
:* [[Lithuanian alphabet|Lithuanian]]. In general usage, where letters appear with the caron ({{angbr|č}}, {{angbr|š}} and {{angbr|ž}}), they are considered as separate letters from {{angbr|c}}, {{angbr|s}} or {{angbr|z}} and collated separately; letters with the [[ogonek]] ({{angbr|[[ą]]}}, {{angbr|[[ę]]}}, {{angbr|[[į]]}} and {{angbr|[[ų]]}}), the [[Macron (diacritic)|macron]] ({{angbr|[[ū]]}}) and the [[overdot]] ({{angbr|[[ė]]}}) are considered as separate letters as well, but not given a unique collation order.

====Celtic====
:* [[Welsh language|Welsh]] uses the circumflex, diaeresis, acute, and grave accents on its seven vowels {{angbr|a}}, {{angbr|e}}, {{angbr|i}}, {{angbr|o}}, {{angbr|u}}, {{angbr|w}}, {{angbr|y}} (hence the composites {{angbr|â}}, {{angbr|ê}}, {{angbr|î}}, {{angbr|ô}}, {{angbr|û}}, {{angbr|ŵ}}, {{angbr|ŷ}}, {{angbr|ä}}, {{angbr|ë}}, {{angbr|ï}}, {{angbr|ö}}, {{angbr|ü}}, {{angbr|ẅ}}, {{angbr|ÿ}}, {{angbr|á}}, {{angbr|é}}, {{angbr|í}}, {{angbr|ó}}, {{angbr|ú}}, {{angbr|ẃ}}, {{angbr|ý}}, {{angbr|à}}, {{angbr|è}}, {{angbr|ì}}, {{angbr|ò}}, {{angbr|ù}}, {{angbr|ẁ}}, {{angbr|ỳ}}). However all except the circumflex (which is used as a macron) are fairly rare.
:* Following spelling reforms since the 1970s, [[Scottish Gaelic]] uses graves only, which can be used on any vowel ({{angbr|[[à]]}}, {{angbr|[[è]]}}, {{angbr|[[ì]]}}, {{angbr|[[ò]]}}, {{angbr|[[ù]]}}). Formerly acute accents could be used on {{angbr|á}}, {{angbr|ó}} and {{angbr|é}}, which were used to indicate a specific vowel quality. With the elimination of these accents, the new orthography relies on the reader having prior knowledge of pronunciation of a given word.
:* [[Manx language|Manx]] uses the cedilla diacritic {{angbr|[[ç]]}} combined with h to give the digraph {{angle bracket|çh}} (pronounced {{IPA|/tʃ/}}) to mark the distinction between it and the digraph {{angle bracket|ch}} (pronounced {{IPA|/h/}} or {{IPA|/x/}}). Other diacritics used in Manx included the circumflex and diaeresis, as in {{angbr|â}}, {{angbr|ê}}, {{angbr|ï}}, etc. to mark the distinction between two similarly spelled words but with slightly differing pronunciation.
:* [[Irish language|Irish]] uses only acute accents to mark long vowels, following the 1948 spelling reform. [[Lenition]] is indicated using an [[overdot]] in [[Gaelic type]] ({{angbr|[[ċ]]}},{{angbr|ḋ}},{{angbr|ḟ}}, {{angbr|[[ġ]]}}, {{angbr|ṁ}}, {{angbr|ṗ}}, {{angbr|[[ṡ]]}}, {{angbr|ṫ}}); in [[Roman type]], a suffixed {{angbr|h}} is used. Thus,  <span style="font-family:Duibhlinn, Ceanannas, Corcaigh, sans-serif">{{lang|gv|a ṁáṫair}}</span> is equivalent to <span style="font-family:Times New Roman, serif">{{lang|gv|a mháthair}}</span>.
:* [[Breton orthography|Breton]] does not have a single orthography (spelling system), but uses diacritics for a number of purposes. The diaeresis is used to mark that two vowels are pronounced separately and not as a diphthong/digraph. The circumflex is used to mark long vowels, but usually only when the vowel length is not predictable by phonology. Nasalization of vowels may be marked with a tilde, or following the vowel with the letter {{angbr|ñ}}. The plural suffix -où is used as a unified spelling to represent a suffix with a number of pronunciations in different dialects, and to distinguish this suffix from the digraph {{angbr|ou}} which is pronounced as {{IPA|/u:/}}. An apostrophe is used to distinguish {{angbr|c'h}}, pronounced {{IPA|/x/}} as the digraph {{angbr|ch}} is used in other Celtic languages, from the French-influenced digraph ch, pronounced {{IPA|/ʃ/}}.

====Finno-Ugric====
:* [[Estonian alphabet|Estonian]] has a distinct letter {{angbr|[[õ]]}}, which contains a tilde. Estonian vowels with [[double dot (diacritic)|double-dot diacritics]] {{angbr|ä}}, {{angbr|ö}}, {{angbr|ü}} are similar to German, but these are also distinct letters, unlike [[Umlaut (diacritic)|German umlauted]] letters. All four have their own place in the alphabet, between {{angbr|w}} and {{angbr|x}}. [[Caron]]s in {{angbr|š}} or {{angbr|ž}} appear only in foreign proper names and [[loanwords]]. Also these are distinct letters, placed in the alphabet between ''s'' and ''t''.
:* [[Finnish alphabet|Finnish]] uses double-dotted vowels ({{angbr|ä}} and {{angbr|ö}}). As in Swedish and Estonian, these are regarded as individual letters, rather than 'vowel + diacritic' combinations (as happens in German). It also uses the characters {{angbr|å}}, {{angbr|š}} and {{angbr|ž}} in foreign names and loanwords. In the Finnish and Swedish alphabets, {{angbr|å}}, {{angbr|ä}} and {{angbr|ö}} collate as separate letters after {{angbr|z}}, the others as variants of their base letter.
:* [[Hungarian alphabet|Hungarian]] uses the double-dot, the acute and double acute diacritics (the last is unique to Hungarian): ({{angbr|ö}}, {{angbr|ü}}), ({{angbr|á}}, {{angbr|é}}, {{angbr|í}}, {{angbr|ó}}, {{angbr|ú}}) and ({{angbr|ő}}, {{angbr|ű}}). The acute accent indicates the long form of a vowel (in case of {{angbr|i}}/{{angbr|í}}, {{angbr|o}}/{{angbr|ó}}, {{angbr|u}}/{{angbr|ú}}) while the double acute performs the same function for {{angbr|ö}} and {{angbr|ü}}. The acute accent can also indicate a different sound (more open, as in case of {{angbr|a}}/{{angbr|á}}, {{angbr|e}}/{{angbr|é}}). Both long and short forms of the vowels are listed separately in the [[Hungarian alphabet]], but members of the pairs {{angbr|a}}/{{angbr|á}}, {{angbr|e}}/{{angbr|é}}, {{angbr|i}}/{{angbr|í}}, {{angbr|o}}/{{angbr|ó}}, {{angbr|ö}}/{{angbr|[[ő]]}}, {{angbr|u}}/{{angbr|ú}} and {{angbr|ü}}/{{angbr|[[ű]]}} are collated in dictionaries as the same letter.
:* [[Livonian language|Livonian]] has the following letters: {{angbr|ā}}, {{angbr|ä}}, {{angbr|[[ǟ]]}}, {{angbr|[[ḑ]]}}, {{angbr|ē}}, {{angbr|ī}}, {{angbr|ļ}}, {{angbr|ņ}}, {{angbr|ō}}, {{angbr|[[ȯ]]}}, {{angbr|[[ȱ]]}}, {{angbr|[[õ]]}}, {{angbr|[[ȭ]]}}, {{angbr|ŗ}}, {{angbr|š}}, {{angbr|ț}}, {{angbr|ū}}, {{angbr|ž}}.

====Germanic====
:* [[German orthography|German]] uses the [[two dots (diacritic)|two-dots diacritic]] ({{langx|de|[[Umlaut (diacritic)|umlaut]]}}): letters {{Angbr|[[ä]]}}, {{angbr|[[ö]]}}, {{angbr|[[ü]]}}, used to indicate the [[fronting (phonology)|fronting]] of back vowels (see [[umlaut (linguistics)]]).
:* [[Dutch orthography|Dutch]] uses acute, circumflex, grave and two-dots diacritics with most vowels and cedilla with c, as in French. This results in {{angbr|[[á]]}}, {{angbr|[[à]]}}, {{angbr|[[ä]]}}, {{angbr|[[é]]}}, {{angbr|[[è]]}}, {{angbr|[[ê]]}}, {{angbr|[[ë]]}}, {{angbr|[[í]]}}, {{angbr|[[î]]}}, {{angbr|[[ï]]}}, {{angbr|[[ó]]}}, {{angbr|[[ô]]}}, {{angbr|[[ö]]}}, {{angbr|[[ú]]}}, {{angbr|[[û]]}}, {{angbr|[[ü]]}} and {{angbr|[[ç]]}}. This is mostly on words (and names) originating from French (like ''crème, café, gêne, façade''). The acute accent is also used to stress the vowel (like ''één''). The two-dots diacritic is used as a linguistic diaeresis (a [[vowel hiatus]]) that splits the two vowels, e.g., ''reële, reünie, coördinatie''), rather than to indicate a linguistic {{lang|de|umlaut}} as used in German.
:* [[Afrikaans alphabet|Afrikaans]] uses 16 additional vowel forms, both uppercase and lowercase: {{angbr|[[á]]}}, {{angbr|[[ä]]}}, {{angbr|[[é]]}}, {{angbr|[[è]]}}, {{angbr|[[ê]]}}, {{angbr|[[ë]]}}, {{angbr|[[í]]}}, {{angbr|[[î]]}}, {{angbr|[[ï]]}}, {{angbr|[[ó]]}}, {{angbr|[[ô]]}}, {{angbr|[[ö]]}}, {{angbr|[[ú]]}}, {{angbr|[[û]]}}, {{angbr|[[ü]]}}, {{angbr|[[ý]]}}. <!-- The precomposed digraph ŉ is not a letter and its use is deprecated. --> 
:* [[Faroese alphabet|Faroese]] uses acutes and some additional letters. All are considered separate letters and have their own place in the alphabet: {{angbr|[[á]]}}, {{angbr|[[í]]}}, {{angbr|[[ó]]}}, {{angbr|[[ú]]}}, {{angbr|[[ý]]}} and {{angbr|[[ø]]}}.
:* [[Icelandic orthography|Icelandic]] uses acutes and other additional letters. All are considered separate letters, and have their own place in the alphabet: {{angbr|[[á]]}}, {{angbr|[[é]]}}, {{angbr|[[í]]}}, {{angbr|[[ó]]}}, {{angbr|[[ú]]}}, {{angbr|[[ý]]}} and {{angbr|[[ö]]}}.
:* [[Danish alphabet|Danish]] and [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] use additional characters like the o-slash {{angbr|[[ø]]}} and the a-overring {{angbr|[[å]]}}. These letters come after {{angbr|z}} and {{angbr|[[æ]]}} in the order {{angbr|ø}}, {{angbr|å}}. Historically, the {{angbr|å}} has developed from a ligature by writing a small superscript {{angbr|a}} over a lowercase {{angbr|a}}; if an {{angbr|å}} character is unavailable, some Scandinavian languages allow the substitution of a doubled ''a'', thus {{angbr|aa}}. The Scandinavian languages collate these letters after {{angbr|z}}, but have different national [[collation]] standards.
:* [[Swedish alphabet|Swedish]] uses a-diaeresis ({{angbr|[[ä]]}}) and o-diaeresis ({{angbr|[[ö]]}}) in the place of {{lang|sv|ash}} ({{angbr|æ}}) and slashed o ({{angbr|[[ø]]}}) in addition to the a-overring ({{angbr|å}}). Historically, the two-dots diacritic for the Swedish letters {{angbr|ä}} and {{angbr|ö}} developed from a small Gothic {{angbr|e}} written above the letters. These letters are collated after {{angbr|z}}, in the order {{angbr|å}}, {{angbr|ä}}, {{angbr|ö}}.

====Romance====
:* In [[Asturian language|Asturian]], [[Galician language|Galician]] and [[Spanish alphabet|Spanish]], the character {{angbr|[[ñ]]}} is a letter and collated between ''n'' and ''o''.
:* [[Asturian language|Asturian]] uses an underdot: {{angbr|[[Ḷ]]}} ([[lower case]], {{angbr|ḷ}}), and {{angbr|[[Voiceless glottal fricative|Ḥ]]}} ([[lower case]] {{angbr|ḥ}})<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.academiadelallingua.com/diccionariu/gramatica_llingua.pdf |title=Gramática de la Llingua Asturiana |access-date=2011-06-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525120027/http://www.academiadelallingua.com/diccionariu/gramatica_llingua.pdf |archive-date=2011-05-25 |publisher=Academia de la Llingua Asturiana | edition=3rd | date=2001 | isbn=84-8168-310-8 | at=section 1.2}}</ref>
:* [[Catalan language|Catalan]] uses the acute accent {{angbr|é}}, {{angbr|í}}, {{angbr|ó}}, {{angbr|ú}}, the grave accent {{angbr|à}}, {{angbr|è}}, {{angbr|ò}}, the diaeresis {{angbr|ï}}, {{angbr|ü}}, the cedilla {{angbr|ç}}, and the [[interpunct]] {{angbr|l·l}}. 
::* In [[Valencian language|Valencian]], the circumflex {{angbr|â}}, {{angbr|ê}}, {{angbr|î}}, {{angbr|ô}}, {{angbr|û}} may also be used.
:* [[Corsican language|Corsican]] uses the following in [[Corsican alphabet|its alphabet]]: {{angbr|À}}/{{angbr|à}}, {{angbr|È}}/{{angbr|è}}, {{angbr|Ì}}/{{angbr|ì}}, {{angbr|Ò}}/{{angbr|ò}}, {{angbr|Ù}}/{{angbr|ù}}.
:* [[French language|French]] uses four diacritics, appearing on vowels (circumflex, acute, grave, diaeresis) and the cedilla appearing in {{angbr|ç}}.
:* [[Italian language|Italian]] uses two diacritics, appearing on vowels (acute, grave)
:* [[Leonese language|Leonese]]: could use {{angbr|ñ}} or {{angbr|[[List of Latin digraphs#N|nn]]}}.
:* [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] uses a tilde with the vowels {{angbr|a}} and {{angbr|o}} and a cedilla with c.
:* [[Romanian alphabet|Romanian]] uses a [[breve]] on the letter ''a'' ({{angbr|[[ă]]}}) to indicate the sound [[schwa]] {{IPA|/ə/}}, as well as a circumflex over the letters ''a'' ({{angbr|[[â]]}}) and ''i'' ({{angbr|[[î]]}}) for the sound {{IPA|/ɨ/}}. Romanian also writes a [[comma below]] the letters ''s'' ({{angbr|[[ș]]}}) and ''t'' ({{angbr|[[ț]]}}) to represent the sounds {{IPA|/ʃ/}} and {{IPA|/t͡s/}}, respectively. These characters are collated after their non-diacritic equivalent.
:* [[Spanish language|Spanish]] uses acute accents ({{angbr|á}}, {{angbr|é}}, {{angbr|í}}, {{angbr|ó}}, {{angbr|ú}}) to indicate stress falling on a different syllable than the one it would fall on based on default rules, and to distinguish certain one-syllable homonyms (e.g. {{lang|es|el}} (masculine singular definite article) and {{lang|es|él}} [he]). The acute accent is also used to break up sequences of vowels that would normally be pronouced as a diphthong into two syllables, as in the word {{lang|es|reír}}. Diaeresis is used on u only, to distinguish the combinations {{lang|es|gue, gui}} {{IPA|/ge/, /gi/}} from {{lang|es|güe, güi}} {{IPA|/gwe/, /gwi/}}, e.g. {{lang|es|vergüenza, lingüística}}. The tilde on {{angbr|ñ}} is not considered a diacritic as {{angbr|ñ}} is considered a distinct letter from {{angbr|n}}, not a mutated form of it.

====Slavic====
:* [[Gaj's Latin alphabet]], used in [[Croatian language|Croatian]] and latinized [[Serbian language|Serbian]], has the symbols {{angbr|[[č]]}}, {{angbr|[[ć]]}}, {{angbr|[[đ]]}}, {{angbr|[[š]]}} and {{angbr|[[ž]]}}, which are considered separate letters and are listed as such in dictionaries and other contexts in which words are listed according to alphabetical order. It also has one [[digraph (orthography)|digraph]] including a diacritic, ''[[dž]]'', which is also alphabetized independently, and follows {{angbr|[[d]]}} and precedes {{angbr|[[đ]]}} in the alphabetical order.
:* The [[Czech alphabet]] uses the acute (lowercase [[á]] [[é]] [[í]] [[ó]] [[ú]] [[ý]], uppercase [[Á]] [[É]] [[Í]] [[Ó]] [[Ú]] [[Ý]]), caron (lowercase [[č]] [[ď]] [[ě]] [[ň]] [[ř]] [[š]] [[ť]] [[ž]], uppercase [[Č]] [[Ď]] [[Ě]] [[Ň]] [[Ř]] [[Š]] [[Ť]] [[Ž]]), and for one letter (lowercase [[ů]], uppercase [[Ů]]) the ring. (In ď and ť the caron is modified to look rather like an apostrophe.) Letter with caron are considered separate letters, whereas vowels are considered only as longer variants of the unaccented letters. Acute does not affect alphabetical order, letters with caron are ordered after original counterparts.
:* [[Polish alphabet|Polish]] has the following letters: [[ą]] [[ć]] [[ę]] [[ł]] [[ń]] [[ó]] [[ś]] [[ź]] [[ż]]. These are considered to be separate letters: each of them is placed in the alphabet immediately after its Latin counterpart (e.g. {{angbr|ą}} between {{angbr|a}} and {{angbr|b}}), {{angbr|ź}} and {{angbr|ż}} are placed after {{angbr|z}} in that order.
:* The [[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|Serbian Cyrillic]] alphabet has no diacritics, instead it has a grapheme ([[glyph]]) for every letter of [[Gaj's Latin alphabet|its Latin counterpart]] (including Latin letters with diacritics and the digraphs dž, ''[[Lje|lj]]'' and ''[[Nj (digraph)|nj]]'').
:* The [[Slovak alphabet]] uses the acute (lowercase [[á]] [[é]] [[í]] [[ó]] [[ú]] [[ý]] [[ĺ]] [[ŕ]], uppercase [[Á]] [[É]] [[Í]] [[Ó]] [[Ú]] [[Ý]] [[Ĺ]] [[Ŕ]]), caron (lowercase [[č]] [[ď]] [[ľ]] [[ň]] [[š]] [[ť]] [[ž]] [[dž]], uppercase [[Č]] [[Ď]] [[Ľ]] [[Ň]] [[Š]] [[Ť]] [[Ž]] [[DŽ]]), umlaut ([[ä]] [[Ä]]) and circumflex accent ([[ô]] [[Ô]]). All of those are considered separate letters and are placed directly after the original counterpart in the [[Slovak alphabet|alphabet]].<ref name="PSP2000">http://www.juls.savba.sk/ediela/psp2000/psp.pdf page 12, section I.2</ref>
:* The basic [[Slovenian alphabet]] has the symbols {{angbr|[[č]]}}, {{angbr|[[š]]}}, and {{angbr|[[ž]]}}, which are considered separate letters and are listed as such in dictionaries and other contexts in which words are listed according to alphabetical order. Letters with a [[caron]] are placed right after the letters as written without the diacritic. The letter {{angbr|đ}} ('d with bar') may be used in non-transliterated foreign words, particularly names, and is placed after {{angbr|č}} and before {{angbr|d}}.

====Turkic====
:*[[Azerbaijani alphabet|Azerbaijani]] includes the distinct Turkish alphabet letters [[Ç]], [[Ğ]], [[Dotless I|I]], [[İ]], [[Ö]], [[Ş]] and [[Ü]].
:* [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]] includes the distinct Turkish alphabet letters [[Ç]], [[Ğ]], [[Dotless I|I]], [[İ]], [[Ö]], [[Ş]] and [[Ü]]. Unlike Turkish, Crimean Tatar also has the letter [[Ñ]].
:* [[Gagauz alphabet|Gagauz]] includes the distinct Turkish alphabet letters [[Ç]], [[Ğ]], [[Dotless I|I]], [[İ]], [[Ö]] and [[Ü]]. Unlike Turkish, Gagauz also has the letters [[Ä]], [[Ê]] [[Ș]] and [[Ț]]. [[Ș]] and [[Ț]] are derived from the [[Romanian alphabet]] for the same sounds. Sometime the Turkish [[Ş]] may be used instead of [[Ș]].
:* [[Turkish alphabet|Turkish]] uses a {{angbr|G}} with a breve ({{angbr|[[Ğ]]}}), two letters with [[two dots (diacritic)|two dots]] ({{angbr|[[Ö]]}} and {{angbr|[[Ü]]}}, representing two rounded front vowels), two letters with a cedilla ({{angbr|[[Ç]]}} and {{angbr|[[S-cedilla|Ş]]}}, representing the affricate {{IPA|/tʃ/}} and the fricative {{IPA|/ʃ/}}), and also possesses a dotted capital {{angbr|İ}} (and a [[dotless i|dotless lowercase {{angbr|ı}}]] representing a high unrounded back vowel). In Turkish each of these are separate letters, rather than versions of other letters, where dotted capital {{angbr|İ}} and lower case {{angbr|i}} are the same letter, as are dotless capital {{angbr|I}} and lowercase {{angbr|ı}}. [[Typeface|Typographically]], {{angbr|Ç}} and {{angbr|Ş}} are sometimes rendered with an [[underdot]], as in {{angbr|Ṣ}}. The new Azerbaijani, Crimean Tatar, and Gagauz alphabets are based on the Turkish alphabet and its same diacriticized letters, with some additions.
:* [[Turkmen alphabet|Turkmen]] includes the distinct Turkish alphabet letters [[Ç]], [[Ö]], [[Ş]] and [[Ü]]. In addition, Turkmen uses A with diaeresis (''[[Ä]]'') to represent {{IPA|/æ/}}, N with caron ({{angbr|[[Ň]]}}) to represent the [[velar nasal]] {{IPA|/ŋ/}}, Y with acute ({{angbr|[[Ý]]}}) to represent the [[palatal approximant]] {{IPA|/j/}}, and Z with caron ({{angbr|[[Ž]]}}) to represent {{IPA|/ʒ/}}.

====Other====
:*[[Albanian alphabet|Albanian]] has two special letters [[Ç]] and [[Ë]] upper and lowercase. They are placed next to the most similar letters in the alphabet, c and e correspondingly.
:* [[Esperanto alphabet|Esperanto]] has the symbols ''[[ŭ]]'', ''[[ĉ]], [[ĝ]], [[ĥ]], [[ĵ]]'' and ''[[ŝ]]'', which are included in the alphabet, and considered separate letters.
:* [[Filipino alphabet|Filipino]] also has the character ''[[ñ]]'' as a letter and is collated between n and o.
:* Modern [[Greenlandic orthography|Greenlandic]] does not use any diacritics, although ''ø'' and ''å'' are used to spell loanwords, especially from Danish and English.<ref>Grønlands sprognævn (1992)</ref><ref>Petersen (1990)</ref> From 1851 until 1973, Greenlandic was written in an alphabet invented by [[Samuel Kleinschmidt]], where [[long vowels]] and [[geminate consonant]]s were indicated by diacritics on vowels (in the case of consonant gemination, the diacritics were placed on the vowel preceding the affected consonant). For example, the name ''[[Kalaallit Nunaat]]'' was spelled ''Kalâdlit Nunât''. This scheme uses the [[circumflex]] (◌̂) to indicate a long vowel (e.g. {{vr|ât, ît, ût}}; modern: {{vr|aat, iit, uut}}), an [[acute accent]] (◌́) to indicate gemination of the following consonant: (i.e. {{vr|ák, ík, úk}}; modern: {{vr|akk, ikk, ukk}}) and, finally, a [[tilde]] (◌̃) or a [[grave accent]] (◌̀), depending on the author, indicates vowel length and gemination of the following consonant (e.g. {{vr|ãt/àt, ĩt/ìt, ũt/ùt}}; modern: {{vr|aatt, iitt, uutt}}). {{vr|ê, ô}}, used only before {{vr|r, q}}, are now written {{vr|ee, oo}} in Greenlandic.
:* [[Hawaiian alphabet|Hawaiian]] uses the kahakō ([[Macron (diacritic)|macron]]) over vowels, although there is some disagreement over considering them as individual letters. The kahakō over a vowel can completely change the meaning of a word that is spelled the same but without the kahakō.
:*[[Kurdish alphabet|Kurdish]] uses the symbols [[Ç]], [[Ê]], [[Î]], [[Ş]] and [[Û]] with other 26 standard Latin alphabet symbols.
:*[[Lakota language|Lakota]] alphabet uses the [[caron]] for the letters ''č'', ''ȟ'', ''ǧ'', ''š'', and ''ž''. It also uses the [[acute accent]] for stressed vowels á, é, í, ó, ú, áŋ, íŋ, úŋ.
:*[[Malay language|Malay]] uses some diacritics such as ''á, ā, ç, í, ñ, ó, š, ú''. Uses of diacritics was continued until late 19th century except ''ā'' and ''ē''.
:*[[Maltese alphabet|Maltese]] uses a C, G, and Z with a dot over them (Ċ, Ġ, Ż), and also has an H with an extra horizontal bar. For uppercase H, the extra bar is written slightly above the usual bar. For lowercase H, the extra bar is written crossing the vertical, like a ''t'', and not touching the lower part ([[Ħ]], ħ). The above characters are considered separate letters. The letter 'c' without a dot has fallen out of use due to redundancy. 'Ċ' is pronounced like the English 'ch' and 'k' is used as a hard c as in 'cat'. 'Ż' is pronounced just like the English 'Z' as in 'Zebra', while 'Z' is used to make the sound of 'ts' in English (like 'tsunami' or 'maths'). 'Ġ' is used as a soft 'G' like in 'geometry', while the 'G' sounds like a hard 'G' like in 'log'. The digraph 'għ' (called ''għajn'' after the [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] letter name ''ʻayn'' for غ) is considered separate, and sometimes ordered after 'g', whilst in other volumes it is placed between 'n' and 'o' (the Latin letter 'o' originally evolved from the shape of [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]] ''ʻayin'', which was traditionally collated after Phoenician ''nūn'').
:* The [[romanization of Syriac]] uses the altered letters of. ''[[Ā]], [[Č]], [[Ḏ]], [[Ē]], [[Ë]], [[Ġ]], [[Ḥ]], [[Ō]], [[Š]], [[Ṣ]], [[Ṭ]], [[Ū]], [[Ž]]'' alongside the 26 standard Latin alphabet symbols.<ref>S.P. Brock, "An Introduction to Syriac Studies", in J.H. Eaton (Ed.,), Horizons in Semitic Studies (1980)</ref>
:*[[Vietnamese alphabet|Vietnamese]] uses the [[horn (diacritic)|horn diacritic]] for the letters ''ơ'' and ''ư''; the [[circumflex]] for the letters ''â'', ''ê'', and ''ô''; the [[breve]] for the letter ''ă''; and a bar through the letter ''đ''. Separately, it also has á, à, ả, ã and ạ, the five tones used for vowels besides the flat tone 'a'.

===Cyrillic letters===
{{further|Cyrillic script}}
:*[[Belarusian alphabet|Belarusian]] and [[Uzbek alphabet#Correspondence chart|Uzbek Cyrillic]] have a letter {{angbr|[[Short U (Cyrillic)|ў]]}}.
:* Belarusian, [[Bulgarian language#Alphabet|Bulgarian]], Russian and Ukrainian have the letter {{angbr|[[Short I|й]]}}.
:* Belarusian and [[Russian alphabet|Russian]] have the letter {{angbr|[[Yo (Cyrillic)|ё]]}}. In Russian, this letter is usually replaced by {{angbr|[[Ye (Cyrillic)|е]]}}, although it has a different pronunciation. The use of {{angbr|е}} instead of {{angbr|ё}} does not affect the pronunciation. ''Ё'' is always used in children's books and in dictionaries. A [[minimal pair]] is все (''vs'e'', "everybody" pl.) and всё (''vs'o'', "everything" n. sg.). In Belarusian the replacement by {{angbr|е}} is a mistake; in Russian, it is permissible to use either {{angbr|е}} or {{angbr|ё}} for {{angbr|ё}} but the former is more common in everyday writing (as opposed to instructional or juvenile writing).
:* The Cyrillic [[Ukrainian alphabet]] has the letters {{angbr|[[ґ]]}}, {{angbr|[[й]]}} and {{angbr|[[ї]]}}. Ukrainian [[Latynka]] has many more.
:* [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] has the letters {{angbr|[[kje|ќ]]}} and {{angbr|[[gje|ѓ]]}}.
:* In Bulgarian and [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] the possessive pronoun ѝ (''ì'', "her") is spelled with a grave accent in order to distinguish it from the conjunction и (''i'', "and").
:* The acute accent {{char|◌́}} above any vowel in Cyrillic alphabets is used in dictionaries, books for children and foreign learners to indicate the word stress, it also can be used for disambiguation of similarly spelled words with different lexical stresses.