Editing Magnetoreception (section)

==== In amphibians ====

Some of the earliest studies of amphibian magnetoreception were conducted with [[cave salamander]]s (''Eurycea lucifuga''). Researchers housed groups of cave salamanders in corridors aligned with either magnetic north–south, or magnetic east–west. In tests, the magnetic field was experimentally rotated by 90°, and salamanders were placed in cross-shaped structures (one corridor along the new north–south axis, one along the new east–west axis). The salamanders responded to the field's rotation.<ref name=":Phillips 1977">{{cite journal |last=Phillips |first=John B. |date=1977 |title=Use of the earth's magnetic field by orienting cave salamanders (Eurycea lucifuga) |journal=[[Journal of Comparative Physiology]] |volume=121 |issue=2 |pages=273–288 |doi=10.1007/bf00609616 |s2cid=44654348 }}</ref>

[[Eastern newt|Red-spotted newts]] (''Notophthalmus viridescens'') respond to drastic increases in water temperature by heading for land. The behaviour is disrupted if the magnetic field is experimentally altered, showing that the newts use the field for orientation.<ref name="Phillips 1986 newt">{{cite journal |last=Phillips |first=John B. |date=1986 |title=Magnetic compass orientation in the Eastern red-spotted newt (Notophthalmus viridescens) |journal=[[Journal of Comparative Physiology A]] |volume=158 |issue=1 |pages=103–109 |doi=10.1007/bf00614524 |pmid=3723427 |s2cid=25252103 }}</ref><ref name="Phillips 1986 salamander">{{cite journal |last=Phillips |first=John B. |date=15 August 1986 |title=Two magnetoreception pathways in a migratory salamander |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=233 |issue=4765 |pages=765–767 |doi=10.1126/science.3738508 |pmid=3738508 |bibcode=1986Sci...233..765P |s2cid=28292152 }}</ref>

Both [[Common toad|European toads]] (''Bufo bufo'') and [[natterjack toad]]s (''Epidalea calamita)'' toads rely on vision and olfaction when migrating to breeding sites, but magnetic fields may also play a role. When randomly displaced {{Convert|150|m|ft}} from their breeding sites, these toads can navigate their way back,<ref name=":12">{{cite journal |last=Sinsch |first=Ulrich |date=1987 |title=Orientation behaviour of toads (Bufo bufo) displaced from the breeding site |journal=[[Journal of Comparative Physiology A]] |volume=161 |issue=5 |pages=715–727 |doi=10.1007/bf00605013 |pmid=3119823 |s2cid=26102029 }}</ref> but this ability can be disrupted by fitting them with small magnets.<ref name=":6">{{cite journal |last=Sinsch |first=Ulrich |date=January 1992 |title=Sex-biassed site fidelity and orientation behaviour in reproductive natterjack toads (Bufo calamita) |journal=[[Ethology Ecology & Evolution]] |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=15–32 |doi=10.1080/08927014.1992.9525347 |bibcode=1992EtEcE...4...15S }}</ref>