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Shilha language
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==== Metrics ==== The metrics of traditional Shilha poems, as composed and recited by itinerant bards ({{Lang|shi-latn|inḍḍamn}}), was first described and analyzed by Hassan Jouad (thesis 1983, book 1995; see also Dell and Elmedlaoui 2008). The traditional metrical system confirms the existence of vowelless syllables in Shilha, and Jouad's data have been used by Dell and Elmedlaoui, and by Ridouane to support their conclusions. The metrical system imposes the following restrictions: *each line in a poem contains the same number of syllables as all the other lines *each syllable in a line contains the same number of segments as its counterpart in other lines *each line contains one particular syllable that must begin or end with a voiced consonant *each line is divided into feet, with the last syllable in each foot stressed ("lifted") in recitation Within these restrictions, the poet is free to devise his own metrical form. This can be recorded in a meaningless formula called {{Lang|shi-latn|talalayt}} which shows the number and the length of the syllables, as well as the place of the obligatory voiced consonant (Jouad lists hundreds of such formulae). The system is illustrated here with a quatrain ascribed to the semi-legendary Shilha poet [[Hemmou Talb|Sidi Ḥammu]] (fl. 18th century) and published by Amarir (1987:64): {{Poem quote|text={{Lang|shi-latn|a titbirin a tumlilin a timgraḍ ab bahra wr takkamt i lxla hann lbaz igan bu tassrwalt ig lxatm ɣ uḍaḍ ak k°nt yut ukan iɣli d ignwan izug}}}} {{Poem quote|text="O white doves, O pets! Do not venture into the desert too often, for there is the falcon, Wearing small trousers; he'll put a ring on [your] finger, To strike you but once — then he ascends into the sky and is gone!"}} Application of Dell and Elmedlaoui's core syllabification reveals a regular mosaic of syllables: {| class="wikitable" !width="80"| !width="40"|1 !width="70"|2 ! !width="60"|3 !width="60"|4 !width="60"|5 !width="70"|6 ! !width="60"|7 !width="60"|8 !width="60"|9 !width="60"|10 ! !width="60"|11 !width="70"|12 |- !Line 1 |a |t í t | |b i |r i |n a |t ú m | |l i |l i |n a |t í | |m g |r á ḍ |- !Line 2 |a |b: á h | |r a |w r |t a |k: á m | |t i |l x |l a |h á | |n: l |b á z |- !Line 3 |i |g á n | |b u |t a |s: r |w á l | |t i |g l |x a |t ḿ | |ɣ u |ḍ á ḍ |- !Line 4 |a |k°: ń t | |y u |t u |k a |n í ɣ | |l i |d i |g n |w á | |n i |z ú g |} The poem is composed in a metre listed by Jouad (1995:283) and exemplified by the formula {{Lang|shi-latn|a láy}}, {{Lang|shi-latn|la li la láy}}, {{Lang|shi-latn|la li la lá}}, {{Lang|shi-latn|li lád}} (the {{Lang|shi-latn|d}} in the last syllable indicates the position of the compulsory voiced consonant).
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