Editing Almanzor (section)

==== Weakening of León and harassment of the Castilian border ====
[[File:Weeks Edwin Lord Interior of the Mosque at Cordova.jpg|thumb|right|Call to [[jihad]] in the [[Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba|mosque of Córdoba]], from a nineteenth-century painting. Almanzor presented himself as champion of [[Islam]] in his numerous campaigns against the peninsular Christian states and used this image to justify his political power.]]
As a result of the defeat of Ghalib in the summer of 981, Almanzor's forces continued their advance, looting and destroying the lands around Zamora{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|p=80}}{{Sfn|Seco de Lucena Paredes|1965|p=14}} at the end of the summer.{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|p=79}} Later, they defeated Pamplona, León and Castile at the [[Battle of Rueda]]{{Sfn|Repiso Cobo|2008|p=310}}{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|p=85}} (or [[Roa de Duero|Roa]]{{Sfn|Martínez Díez|2005|p=504}}) and recovered [[Simancas]],{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|p=85}} which was razed.{{Sfn|Echevarría Arsuaga|2011|p=152}}{{Sfn|Martínez Díez|2005|p=503}}{{Sfn|Seco de Lucena Paredes|1965|p=15}}{{Sfn|Sánchez Candeira|1999|p=24}} The loss of Simancas disrupted the Christian defensive line along the Duero, which later campaigns eventually dismantled.{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|p=86}} These losses, along with Almanzor's support for rivals to the Leonine crown, first [[Bermudo II of León|Bermudo]]{{Sfn|Martínez Díez|2005|p=506}}{{Sfn|Bariani|2003|p=218}} against the weakened [[Ramiro III of León|Ramiro III]]{{Sfn|Echevarría Arsuaga|2011|p=152}} and later rival counts, one of which briefly took the throne, plunged León into a political crisis that it submitted to Almanzor for arbitration.{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|p=86}}{{Sfn|Echevarría Arsuaga|2011|p=153}} In general, Almanzor supported the noble families opposed to the monarch of the moment to take advantage of intra-Leonese squabbles.{{Sfn|Echevarría Arsuaga|2011|p=156}} From 977, he launched attacks into León's territories almost annually.{{Sfn|Martínez Díez|2005|p=504}}

The Galician and Portuguese counts, hostile to Ramiro III as they had been to his father, sought to appease Almanzor after the [[Trancoso, Portugal|Trancoso]] and Viseu campaign{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|p=81}} of the beginning of the winter of 981{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|p=81}} and for this they sought to impose a new king, Bermudo II,{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|p=87}} crowned in October 982{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|p=88}} in Santiago while Almanzor pillaged{{Sfn|Seco de Lucena Paredes|1965|p=15}}{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|p=84}} the outskirts of León.{{Sfn|Martínez Díez|2005|p=505}} Castile and León, continually exposed to Cordoban assaults, on the other hand, supported Ramiro.{{Sfn|Martínez Díez|2005|p=506}} In 983, Almanzor plundered the area surrounding Salamanca in the fall, after failing to take it,{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|p=86}} and [[Sacramenia]] at the beginning of winter,{{Sfn|Martínez Díez|2005|p=506}}{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|p=87}}{{Sfn|Seco de Lucena Paredes|1965|p=17}}{{Sfn|Molina|1981|p=248}} slaughtering the men and taking the rest of the population captive.{{Sfn|Martínez Díez|2005|p=507}} In his attempt to halt the Christian advance south of the Duero, he continued assailing the Leonese and Castilian positions in this area and the most important points of repopulation, such as Zamora (984){{Sfn|Seco de Lucena Paredes|1965|p=18}}{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|p=87}} or Sepúlveda the same year,{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|p=89}} razed before he fell on [[Barcelona]].{{Sfn|Martínez Díez|2005|p=508}}{{Sfn|Molina|1981|p=249}} The destruction of Sepúlveda forced Ramiro to submit to Córdoba in 985, the year of his death{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|p=88}} due to natural causes, as Bermudo had done before.{{Sfn|Martínez Díez|2005|p=509}} Bermudo's submission had been accompanied by that of other Portuguese and Galician counts.{{Sfn|Martínez Díez|2005|p=510}} This imposed the presence of Cordoban forces on the Leonese kingdom, as a protectorate, which it remained until 987.{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|p=88}}

The expulsion of the Cordoban troops from León{{Sfn|Seco de Lucena Paredes|1965|p=21}} by Bermudo triggered the 988 campaign against Coimbra{{Sfn|Echevarría Arsuaga|2011|p=153}}{{Sfn|Seco de Lucena Paredes|1965|p=22}} and the torching of the [[Monastery of San Pedro de Eslonza]] in the first retaliatory campaign in 986,{{efn|Castellanos Gómez places the looting of this monastery and of Sahagún during a different campaign: Almanzor's thirty-first against Astorga.{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|pp=98–99}}}} in which he also took León,{{Sfn|Molina|1981|p=251}} Zamora,{{Sfn|Molina|1981|p=251}} Salamanca and [[Alba de Tormes]]{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|p=95}} before attacking [[Condeixa-a-Nova|Condeixa]].{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|p=95}}{{Sfn|Martínez Díez|2005|pp=512–513}}{{Sfn|Molina|1981|p=250}}

{{clear}}
{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"
|-
! colspan="2" align="center" | '''Campaigns of Almanzor'''
|-
|
:'''977'''
::1. [[Baños de Ledesma]]
::2. [[Cuéllar]]
::3. [[Salamanca]]
:'''978'''
::4. [[Barcelona|Pla de Barcelona]] and [[Tarragona]]
::5. [[Ledesma (Salamanca)|Ledesma]]
:'''979'''
::6. [[Zamora, Spain|Zamora]]
::7. [[Sepúlveda, Segovia|Sepúlveda]]
::8. [[Maghreb]]
:'''980'''
::9. [[Medinaceli]]
::10. [[La Almunia de Doña Godina|Almunia]]
:'''981'''
::11. [[Canales de la Sierra]]
::12. Rota de los Maafiríes
::13. [[Calatayud]]
::14. Zamora
::15. [[Trancoso, Portugal|Trancoso]]
:'''982'''
::16. 'The three nations'
::17. [[Toro, Zamora|Toro]] and [[León, Spain|León]]
:'''983'''
::18. [[Simancas]]
::19. Salamanca
::20. [[Sacramenia]]
:'''984'''
::21. Zamora
::22. Sepúlveda
:'''985'''
::23. [[Barcelona]]
::24. [[Algeciras]]
:'''986'''
::25. Zamora, Salamanca and León
::26. [[Condeixa-a-Nova|Condeixa]] and [[Coimbra]]
:'''987'''
::27. Coimbra
::28. Coimbra
:'''988'''
::29. [[Portillo, Valladolid|Portillo]]
::30. Zamora and Toro
::31. [[Astorga, Spain|Astorga]]
|
:'''989'''
::32. [[Burgo de Osma-Ciudad de Osma|Osma]]
:'''990'''
::33. Toro
::34. Osma and [[Alcubilla del Marqués]]
::35. [[Montemor-o-Velho]]
:'''992'''
::36. Castile
::37. [[Kingdom of Pamplona]]
:'''993'''
::38. Al Marakib
::39. [[San Esteban de Gormaz]]
::40. al-Agar
:'''994'''
::41. San Esteban de Gormaz, [[Pamplona]] and [[Clunia]]
::42. Astorga and León
:'''995'''
::43. Castile
::44. Batrisa
::45. [[Monastery of San Román de Entrepeñas]]
::46. [[Aguiar de Sousa|Aguiar]]
:'''996'''
::47. Astorga
:'''997'''
::48. [[Santiago de Compostela]]
:'''998'''
::49. Maghreb
:'''999'''
::50. Pamplona
::51. [[County of Pallars|Pallars]]
:'''1000'''
::52. [[Battle of Cervera|Cervera]]
:'''1001'''
::53. Montemor-o-Velho
::54. Pamplona
::55. [[Baños de Rioja]]
:'''1002'''
::56. Canales de la Sierra and [[San Millán de la Cogolla]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" | ''Según Echevarría Arsuaga pp. 243–245, Molina pp. 238–263 y Martínez Díez.''
|}