Editing Newar language (section)

===The 1950s===
[[File:Nepal bhasa patrika fp.jpg|thumb|200px|''Nepal Bhasa Patrika'' daily newspaper dated 5 November 1960.]]
Following the overthrow of the [[Rana dynasty]] and the advent of democracy in 1951, restrictions on publication in Newar were removed. Books, magazines and newspapers appeared. A daily newspaper ''[[Nepal Bhasa Patrika]]'' began publication in 1955.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://npi10month.blogspot.com/2010/02/history-of-nepali-journalism.html| title = History of Nepali Journalism| publisher = Nepal Press Institute| date = 15 February 2010| access-date = 21 April 2012| archive-date = 9 August 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180809032149/http://npi10month.blogspot.com/2010/02/history-of-nepali-journalism.html| url-status = live}}</ref> Textbooks were published and Newar was included in the curriculum. Nepal Rastriya Vidhyapitha recognised Newar as an alternative medium of instruction in the schools and colleges affiliated to it.

Literary societies like Nepal Bhasa Parisad were formed and Chwasa: Pasa returned from exile.<ref name="Shrestha"/> In 1958, Kathmandu Municipality passed a resolution that it would accept applications and publish major decisions in Newar in addition to the Nepali language.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sandhya Times|newspaper=Sandhya Times|date=1 July 1997 }}</ref>

====Second dark age====

Democracy lasted for a brief period, and Newar and other languages of Nepal entered a second Dark Age with the dissolution of parliament and the imposition of the [[Panchayat (Nepal)|Panchayat]] system in 1960. Under its policy of "one nation, one language", only the Nepali language was promoted, and all the other languages of Nepal were suppressed as "ethnic" or "local" languages.<ref>{{cite book |last=Whelpton |first=John |title=A History of Nepal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KoNT6tjk9mQC&q=1946 |access-date=3 July 2013 |year=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521804707 |page=183 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323054458/https://books.google.com/books?id=KoNT6tjk9mQC&q=1946 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1963, Kathmandu Municipality's decision to recognize Newar was revoked. In 1965, the language was also banned from being broadcast over Radio Nepal.<ref>{{cite news|last=Timalsina|first=Ramji|title=Language and Political Discourse in Nepal|url=http://koshistjames.edu.np/journal/CET_Journal_Vol3_No1.pdf|access-date=28 February 2012|newspaper=CET Journal|publisher=Itahari: Itahari Research Centre, Circle of English Teachers (CET)|date=Spring 2011|archive-date=15 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215035441/http://koshistjames.edu.np/journal/CET_Journal_Vol3_No1.pdf|url-status=dead}} Page 14.</ref> Those who protested against the ban were put in prison, including Buddhist monk [[Sudarshan Mahasthavir]].

The New Education System Plan brought out in 1971 eased out Nepal's other languages from the schools in a bid to diminish the country's multi-lingual traditions.<ref>{{cite web| last =Hangen| first =Susan| url =http://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/ps034.pdf| title =Creating a "New Nepal": The Ethnic Dimension| publisher =Washington: East-West Center| year =2007| access-date =19 February 2012| archive-date =11 October 2017| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20171011121202/https://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/ps034.pdf| url-status =dead}}</ref> Students were discouraged from choosing their native language as an elective subject because it was lumped with technical subjects.<ref name="Hoek, Bert van den and Shrestha, Balgopal">{{cite news|author1=Hoek, Bert van den|author2=Shrestha, Balgopal|name-list-style=amp|title=Education in the Mother Tongue: The Case of Nepal Bhasa (Newari)|url=http://www.thlib.org/static/reprints/contributions/CNAS_22_01_06.pdf|access-date=22 April 2012|newspaper=CNAS Journal|date=January 1995|archive-date=22 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322193940/http://www.thlib.org/static/reprints/contributions/CNAS_22_01_06.pdf|url-status=live}} Page 75.</ref> Nepal's various languages began to stagnate as the population could not use them for official, educational, employment or legal purposes.

Birat Nepal Bhasa Sahitya Sammelan Guthi (Grand Nepal Bhasa Literary Conference Trust), formed in 1962 in Bhaktapur, and [[Nepal Bhasa Manka Khala]], founded in 1979 in Kathmandu, are some of the prominent organizations that emerged during this period to struggle for language rights. The names of these organizations also annoyed the government which, on one occasion in 1979, changed the name of Brihat Nepal Bhasa Sahitya Sammelan Guthi in official media reports.<ref>{{cite web| last =Maharjan| first =Harsha Man| url =http://www.socialinclusion.org.np/new/contentResources| title =They' vs 'We': A Comparative Study on Representation of Adivasi Janajati Issues in Gorkhapatra and Nepal Bhasa Print Media in the Post Referendum Nepal (1979–1990)| publisher =Social Inclusion Research Fund| year =2009| access-date =26 May 2012| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120926014004/http://socialinclusion.org.np/new/contentResources| archive-date =26 September 2012| url-status =dead}} Page 34.</ref>

Some lines by the famous poet [[Durga Lal Shrestha]] of this era are as follows:<ref>{{lang|new|नेपालभाषाया न्हूगु पुलांगु म्ये मुना ब्वः१}}</ref>
<blockquote>
:घाः जुयाः जक ख्वइगु खः झी
:स्याःगुलिं सः तइगु खः
:झी मसीनि ! झी मसीनि !
:धइगु चिं जक ब्वैगु खः

:We are crying because we are wounded
:We are shouting because of the pain
:All in all, we are demonstrating
:That we are not dead yet.
</blockquote>

====Post-1990 People's Movement====

After the [[1990 People's Movement]] that brought the Panchayat system to an end, the languages of Nepal enjoyed greater freedom.<ref>{{cite news|last=Eagle|first=Sonia|title=The Language Situation in Nepal|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/57090514/19/Newari-language-and-revitalisation|access-date=28 February 2012|newspaper=Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development|publisher=Scribd|year=1999|archive-date=23 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323054434/https://www.scribd.com/document/57090514/Language-Nepal|url-status=live}} Page 310.</ref> The 1990 constitution recognized Nepal as a multiethnic and multilingual country. The Nepali language in the Devanagari script was declared the language of the nation and the official language. Meanwhile, all the languages spoken as native languages in Nepal were named national languages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nepaldemocracy.org/documents/national_laws/constitution1990.htm#1|title=Constitution of Nepal 1990|publisher=Nepal Democracy|access-date=19 February 2012|year=2001|archive-date=19 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219173640/http://www.nepaldemocracy.org/documents/national_laws/constitution1990.htm#1|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1997, [[Kathmandu Metropolitan City]] declared that its policy to officially recognize Nepal Bhasa would be revived. The rest of the city governments in the Kathmandu Valley announced that they too would recognize it. However, critics petitioned the Supreme Court to have the policy annulled, and in 1999, the Supreme Court quashed the decision of the local bodies as being unconstitutional.<ref>{{cite news|last=Limbu|first=Ramyata|title=Attempt to Limit Official Language to Nepali Resented|url=http://ipsnews.net/print.asp?idnews=79142|publisher=IPS|access-date=21 April 2012|date=21 June 1999}}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

====Post-2006 People's Movement====

A second People's Movement in 2006 ousted the Shah dynasty and Nepal became a republic which gave the people greater linguistic freedom. The 2007 Interim Constitution states that the use of one's native language in a local body or office shall not be barred.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ccd.org.np/new/resources/interim.pdf|title=The Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2063 (2007)|publisher=UNDP Nepal|page=56|access-date=19 February 2012|date=January 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219220657/http://www.ccd.org.np/new/resources/interim.pdf|archive-date=19 February 2012}}</ref> However, this has not happened in practice. Organizations with names in Newar are not registered, and municipality officials refuse to accept applications written in the language.<ref>{{cite news|title= State affairs
 |url= http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2013/07/06/letters/letter-to-the-editor/250875.html |access-date=14 May 2014|newspaper= The Kathmandu Post |date=7 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jigu Nan Dhayegu Du |url=http://esandhyanhipau.com/epaper-archive.php |access-date=14 May 2014 |page=2 |newspaper=Sandhya Times |date=18 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202030913/http://esandhyanhipau.com/epaper-archive.php |archive-date=2 December 2013 }}</ref>

The restoration of democracy has been marked by the privatization of the media. Various people and organizations are working for the development of Newar. Newar has several newspapers, a primary level curriculum, several schools, several FM stations (selected time for Newar programs), regular TV programs and news (on Image TV Channel), Nepal Bhasa Music Award (a part of Image Award) and several websites (including a [[Wikipedia]] in Nepal Bhasa<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new.wikipedia.org/|title=Nepal Bhasa Wikipedia|publisher=new.wikipedia.org|access-date=6 December 2008|archive-date=14 February 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050214105531/http://new.wikipedia.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>).

The number of schools teaching Newar has increased, and Newar is also being offered in schools outside the Kathmandu Valley.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rai|first=Ganesh|title=९७ विद्यालयमा नेपालभाषा पढाइने ("Nepal Bhasa to be taught in 97 schools")|url=http://202.166.193.41/kantipur/news/news-detail.php?news_id=268100|access-date=21 April 2012|newspaper=Kantipur|date=11 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023111557/http://202.166.193.41/kantipur/news/news-detail.php?news_id=268100|archive-date=23 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>