Editing Shilha language (section)

=== Nouns ===
On the basis of their morphology, three types of Shilha nouns can be distinguished, two indigenous types and one type of external origin:
*inflected nouns
*uninflected nouns
*unincorporated loans
The relevant morpho-syntactic categories are gender, number and state.<ref>Galand (1988, 4.9–12).</ref>

==== Inflected nouns ====
Inflected nouns are by far the most numerous type. These nouns can be easily recognised from their outward shape: they begin with a nominal prefix which has the form {{Not a typo|(t)V-}}:
:{{Lang|shi-latn|azal}} "daytime"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|igigil}} "orphan"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|uṣkay}} "hound"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|tadgg°at}} "evening"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|tibinṣrt}} "marsh mallow (plant)"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|tuḍfit}} "ant"
Inflected nouns distinguish two genders, masculine and feminine; two numbers, singular and plural; and two states, conventionally referred to by their French names as {{Lang|fr|état libre}} ("free state") and {{Lang|fr|état d'annexion}} ("annexed state")<ref>Both Galand (1988. 4.11) and Kossmann (2012:67n7) rightly point out that the annexed state in Berber is not to be confused with the construct state of the Semitic languages.</ref> and glossed as '''EL''' and '''EA'''. Gender and number are all explicitly marked, but historical and synchronic sound changes have in some cases resulted in the neutralization of the difference between EL and EA.

The nominal prefix has no semantic content, i.e. it is not a sort of (in)definite article, although it is probably demonstrative in origin. It is made up of one or both of two elements, a gender prefix and a vocalic prefix. Singular feminine nouns may also have a gender suffix. For example, the noun {{Lang|shi-latn|tazdwit}} "bee" has the feminine prefix {{Lang|shi-latn|t-}}, the vocalic prefix {{Lang|shi-latn|a-}} and the feminine singular suffix {{Lang|shi-latn|-t}} added to the nominal stem {{Lang|shi-latn|zdwi}}. While feminine inflected nouns always have the feminine prefix, masculine nouns do not have a gender prefix in the free state (EL); for example {{Lang|shi-latn|abaɣuɣ}} "fox" has no gender prefix, but only a vocalic prefix {{Lang|shi-latn|a-}} added to the nominal stem {{Lang|shi-latn|baɣuɣ}}.

Gender is thus marked unambiguously, albeit asymmetrically. In just a handful of nouns, the morphological gender does not conform to the grammatical gender (and number): {{Lang|shi-latn|ulli}} "sheep and goats" is morphologically masculine singular, but takes feminine plural agreement; {{Lang|shi-latn|alln}} "eyes" is morphologically masculine plural, but takes feminine plural agreement; {{Lang|shi-latn|tarwa}} "(someone's) children, offspring" is morphologically feminine singular, but takes masculine plural agreement.

The annexed state (EA) is regularly formed by reducing the vocalic prefix to zero and, with masculine nouns, adding the masculine gender prefix {{Lang|shi-latn|w-}}:<ref name="Galand 1988, 4.11">Galand (1988, 4.11).</ref> 
:EL {{Lang|shi-latn|t-a-zdwi-t}} "bee" → EA {{Lang|shi-latn|t-zdwi-t}}
:EL {{Lang|shi-latn|a-baɣuɣ}} "fox" → EA {{Lang|shi-latn|w-baɣuɣ}}
With some nouns, the original vocalic prefix has fused with a stem-initial vowel, to produce an inseparable (and irreducible) vowel:
:EL {{Lang|shi-latn|ayyur}} "moon, month" → EA {{Lang|shi-latn|w-ayyur}} (not *{{Lang|shi-latn|w-yyur}})
:EL {{Lang|shi-latn|t-afuk-t}} "sun" → EA {{Lang|shi-latn|t-afuk-t}} (not *{{Lang|shi-latn|t-fuk-t}})
With feminine nouns that have an inseparable vocalic prefix, the difference between EL and EA is thus neutralized.

While most inflected nouns have a vocalic prefix {{Lang|shi-latn|a-}}, some have {{Lang|shi-latn|i-}} (in some cases inseparable), and a few have {{Lang|shi-latn|u-}} (always inseparable). When a masculine noun has the vocalic prefix {{Lang|shi-latn|i-}} (separable or inseparable), the masculine gender prefix {{Lang|shi-latn|w-}} changes to {{Lang|shi-latn|y-}}. The table below presents an overview (all examples are singular; plurals also distinguish EL and EA):

{| class="wikitable"
| rowspan="2" | 
! colspan="2" | Masculine
| rowspan="2" | 
! colspan="2" | Feminine
|-
!width="100"| EL
!width="100"| EA
!width="100"| EL
!width="100"| EA
|-
|"fox"
|{{Lang|shi-latn|a-baɣuɣ}}
|{{Lang|shi-latn|w-baɣuɣ}}
|"bee"
|{{Lang|shi-latn|t-a-zdwi-t}}
|{{Lang|shi-latn|t-zdwi-t}}
|-
|"moon"
|{{Lang|shi-latn|ayyur}}
|{{Lang|shi-latn|w-ayyur}}
|"sun"
|{{Lang|shi-latn|t-afuk-t }}
|{{Lang|shi-latn|t-afuk-t }}
|-
|"cave"
|{{Lang|shi-latn|i-fri}}
|{{Lang|shi-latn|y-fri}}
|"meat"
|{{Lang|shi-latn|t-i-fiyi}}
|{{Lang|shi-latn|t-fiyi}}
|-
|"ash"
|{{Lang|shi-latn|iɣd}}
|{{Lang|shi-latn|y-iɣd}}
|"salt"
|{{Lang|shi-latn|t-isn-t}}
|{{Lang|shi-latn|t-isn-t}}
|-
|"[[Barbary sheep|moufflon]]"
|{{Lang|shi-latn|udad}}
|{{Lang|shi-latn|w-udad}}
|"light"
|{{Lang|shi-latn|t-ufaw-t}}
|{{Lang|shi-latn|t-ufaw-t}}
|}

The EA is not predictable from the shape of the noun, compare:
:{{Lang|shi-latn|afus}} "hand" → EA {{Lang|shi-latn|wfus}}
:{{Lang|shi-latn|afud}} "knee" → EA {{Lang|shi-latn|wafud}}
The phonological rules on the realization of /w/ and /j/ apply to the EA as well. For example, the EA of {{Lang|shi-latn|a-mɣar}} "chief" is /w-mɣar/, realized as {{Lang|shi-latn|wmɣar}} after a vowel, {{Lang|shi-latn|umɣar}} after a consonant:
:{{Lang|shi-latn|idda wmɣar s dar lqqaḍi}} "the chief went to see the judge"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|imun umɣar d lqqaḍi}} "the chief accompanied the judge"
Inflected nouns show a great variety of plural formations, applying one or more of the following processes:
*suffixation (masculine {{Lang|shi-latn|-n}}, feminine {{Lang|shi-latn|-in}})
*vowel change (insertion or elision, or [[apophony|ablaut]])
*consonant gemination or degemination
*stem extension (+{{Lang|shi-latn|aw}}, +{{Lang|shi-latn|iw}}, +{{Lang|shi-latn|t}}, +{{Lang|shi-latn|w}}, always in combination with a suffix)
There are also irregular and suppletive plurals. The feminine singular suffix {{Lang|shi-latn|-t}} is naturally lost in the plural.

Independent from these processes, the separable vocalic prefix {{Lang|shi-latn|a-}} is always replaced with {{Lang|shi-latn|i-}}. An inseparable vocalic prefix either remains unchanged, or changes as part of vowel change (but if the vocalic prefix is inseparable in the singular, it may be separable in the plural, as with {{Lang|shi-latn|aduz}} "dune", and vice versa, as with {{Lang|shi-latn|aydi}} "dog"; see table below).

Below is a sample of nouns, illustrating various plural formations.

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
!width="140"| ||width="140"| Singular|| width="140" | Plural|| width="400" | Process(es)
|-
| "mountain"|| {{Lang|shi-latn|a-drar}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|i-drar-n}}|| suffixation
|-
| "dune"|| {{Lang|shi-latn|aduz}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|i-dazz-n}}|| vowel change, gemination, suffixation
|-
| "head"|| {{Lang|shi-latn|a-gayyu}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|i-guyya}}|| vowel change
|-
| "ear"|| {{Lang|shi-latn|a-mẓẓuɣ}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|i-mzga-n}}|| (irregular plural)
|-
| "waterhole"|| {{Lang|shi-latn|anu}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|una}}|| vowel change
|-
| "document"|| {{Lang|shi-latn|arra}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|arra+t-n}}|| stem extension, suffixation
|-
| "day"|| {{Lang|shi-latn|ass}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|ussa-n}}|| vowel change, suffixation
|-
| "dog"|| {{Lang|shi-latn|a-ydi}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|iḍa-n}}|| (irregular plural)
|-
| "forehead"|| {{Lang|shi-latn|i-gnzi}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|i-gnzi+t-n}}|| stem extension, suffixation
|-
| "forearm"|| {{Lang|shi-latn|i-ɣil}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|i-ɣall-n}}|| vowel change, gemination, suffixation
|-
| "scorpion"|| {{Lang|shi-latn|iɣirdm}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|iɣardm+iw-n}}|| vowel change, stem extension, suffixation
|-
| "witness"|| {{Lang|shi-latn|i-nigi}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|i-naga-n}}|| vowel change, suffixation
|-
| "slave"|| {{Lang|shi-latn|i-smg}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|i-smga-n}}|| vowel change, suffixation
|-
| "face"|| {{Lang|shi-latn|udm}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|udm+aw-n}}|| stem extension, suffixation
|-
| "song"|| {{Lang|shi-latn|urar}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|urar-n}}|| suffixation
|-
| "jackal"|| {{Lang|shi-latn|uccn}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|uccan-n}}|| vowel change, suffixation
|-
| "egg"|| {{Lang|shi-latn|t-a-glay-t}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|t-i-glay}}|| (irregular plural)
|-
| "thing"|| {{Lang|shi-latn|t-a-ɣawsa}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|t-i-ɣaws+iw-in}}|| stem extension, suffixation
|-
| "mouse"|| {{Lang|shi-latn|t-a-ɣrday-t}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|t-i-ɣrday-in}}|| suffixation
|-
| "churn"|| {{Lang|shi-latn|t-a-gccul-t}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|t-i-g°cl-in}}|| vowel change, suffixation, degemination
|-
| "fireplace"|| {{Lang|shi-latn|t-aka-t}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|t-aka+t-in}}|| stem extension, suffixation
|-
| "woman" || {{Lang|shi-latn|t-a-mɣar-t}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|t-u-mɣar-in}}{{efn|In a few feminine nouns, the plural vocalic prefix {{Lang|shi-latn|i}} has become {{Lang|shi-latn|u}} under the influence of a following {{Lang|shi-latn|m}}, as in {{Lang|shi-latn|t-u-mɣar-in}} "women" and {{Lang|shi-latn|t-u-mẓ-in}} "barley" (cf. Central Atlas Tamazight {{Lang|tzm-latn|t-i-mɣar-in, t-i-mẓ-in}}).}} || suffixation
|-
| "porcupine"|| {{Lang|shi-latn|t-aruc-t}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|t-urac}}|| vowel change
|-
| "key"|| {{Lang|shi-latn|t-a-saru-t}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|t-i-sura}}|| vowel change
|-
| "house"|| {{Lang|shi-latn|t-i-gmmi}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|t-i-g°mma}}|| vowel change
|-
| "ewe"|| {{Lang|shi-latn|t-ili}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|t-att-n}}|| (suppletive plural)
|-
| "meal"|| {{Lang|shi-latn|t-irm-t}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|t-iram}}|| vowel change
|-
| "eye"|| {{Lang|shi-latn|t-iṭṭ}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|all-n}}|| (suppletive plural)
|-
| "mountain pass"|| {{Lang|shi-latn|t-izi}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|t-izza}}|| vowel change, gemination
|-
| "lioness"|| {{Lang|shi-latn|t-izm-t}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|t-izm+aw-in}}|| suffixation, stem extension
|-
| "light"|| {{Lang|shi-latn|t-ifaw-t}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|t-ifaw-in}}|| suffixation
|}

The plural is generally not predictable from the shape of the singular, compare:
:{{Lang|shi-latn|aduku}} "shoe", plural {{Lang|shi-latn|idukan}} (vowel change and suffix)
:{{Lang|shi-latn|aruku}} "utensil", plural {{Lang|shi-latn|irukutn}} (stem extension and suffix)
Many nouns have more than one plural, for example {{Lang|shi-latn|a-jnwiy}} "knife", plural {{Lang|shi-latn|i-jnway}} (vowel change) or {{Lang|shi-latn|i-jnwiy-n}} (suffixation).

Many Shilha place-names are morphologically inflected nouns:
:{{Lang|shi-latn|A-nammr}} "Anammeur"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|I-ɣ°rays-n}} " Irhoreïsene"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|T-a-rudan-t}} "Taroudant"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|T-i-zgzaw-in}} "Tizegzaouine"
The same is the case with Shilha ethnic names:
:{{Lang|shi-latn|Amml-n}} "the Ammeln" (singular {{Lang|shi-latn|Imml}})
:{{Lang|shi-latn|Actuk-n}} "the Achtouken" (singular {{Lang|shi-latn|Actuk}})
:{{Lang|shi-latn|I-lall-n}} "the Ilallen" (singular {{Lang|shi-latn|I-lillu}})
:{{Lang|shi-latn|I-sk°ta-n}} "the Isouktan" (singular {{Lang|shi-latn|A-sktu}})
Among the inflected nouns are found many incorporated loans. Examples include:
:{{Lang|shi-latn|t-a-kira}} "wax" (from Latin)
:{{Lang|shi-latn|a-ɣanim}} "reeds" (from Punic)
:{{Lang|shi-latn|urti}} "vegetable plot, orchard" (from early Romance)
:{{Lang|shi-latn|a-muslm}} "Muslim" (from Arabic)
:{{Lang|shi-latn|t-a-bra-t}} "letter, missive" (from Arabic)

==== Uninflected nouns ====
This is the least common type, which also includes some loans. Examples:
:{{Lang|shi-latn|dikkuk}} "cuckoo"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|fad}} "thirst"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|gmz}} "thumb"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|kḍran}} "tar" (from Arabic)
:{{Lang|shi-latn|lagar}} "station" (from French)
:{{Lang|shi-latn|mllɣ}} "index finger"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|sksu}} "couscous"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|wiẓugn}} "cricket"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|xizzu}} "carrots"

It is probable that all uninflected nouns were originally masculine. The few that now take feminine agreement contain elements that have been reanalyzed as marking feminine gender, for example {{Lang|shi-latn|ttjdmnni}} "kind of spider" (initial {{Lang|shi-latn|t}} seen as feminine prefix), {{Lang|shi-latn|hlima}} "bat" (not an Arabic loanword, but final {{Lang|shi-latn|a}} analyzed as the Arabic feminine ending).

Many uninflected nouns are collectives or non-count nouns which do not have a separate plural form. Those that have a plural make it by preposing the pluralizer {{Lang|shi-latn|id}}, for example {{Lang|shi-latn|id lagar}} "stations".

The uninflected noun {{Lang|shi-latn|mddn}} or {{Lang|shi-latn|middn}} "people, humans" is morphologically masculine singular but takes masculine plural agreement.

Names of people and foreign place-names can be seen as a subtype of uninflected nouns, for example {{Lang|shi-latn|Musa}} (man's name), {{Lang|shi-latn|Muna}} (woman's name), {{Lang|shi-latn|Fas}} "Fès", {{Lang|shi-latn|Brdqqiz}} "Portugal". Gender is not transparently marked on these names, but those referring to humans take gender agreement according to the natural sex of the referent (male/masculine, female/feminine).

==== Unincorporated loans ====
These are nouns of Arabic origin (including loans from French and Spanish through Arabic) which have largely retained their Arabic morphology. They distinguish two genders (not always unambiguously marked) and two numbers (explicitly marked). A notable feature of these nouns is that they are borrowed with the Arabic definite article, which is semantically neutralized in Shilha:
:Moroccan Arabic {{Transliteration|ary|l-kabus}} "the pistol" → Shilha {{Lang|shi-latn|lkabus}} "the pistol, a pistol"
:Moroccan Arabic {{Transliteration|ary|t-tabut}} "the coffin" → Shilha {{Lang|shi-latn|ttabut}} "the coffin, a coffin"
The Arabic feminine ending {{Transliteration|ary|-a}} is often replaced with the Shilha feminine singular suffix {{Lang|shi-latn|-t}}:
:Moroccan Arabic {{Transliteration|ary|l-faky-a}} → Shilha {{Lang|shi-latn|lfaki-t}} "fruit"
:Moroccan Arabic {{Transliteration|ary|ṛ-ṛuḍ-a}} → Shilha {{Lang|shi-latn|ṛṛuṭ-ṭ}} "tomb of a saint"
Arabic loans usually retain their gender in Shilha. The exception are Arabic masculine nouns which end in {{Transliteration|ary|t}}; these change their gender to feminine in Shilha, with the final {{Lang|shi-latn|t}} reanalyzed as the Shilha feminine singular suffix {{Lang|shi-latn|-t}}:
:Moroccan Arabic {{Transliteration|ary|l-ḥadit}} "the prophetic tradition" (masculine) → Shilha {{Lang|shi-latn|lḥadi-t}} (feminine)
:Moroccan Arabic {{Transliteration|ary|l-mut}} "death" (masculine) → Shilha {{Lang|shi-latn|lmu-t}} (feminine)
Arabic plurals are usually borrowed with the singulars. If the borrowed plural is not explicitly marked for gender (according to Arabic morphology) it has the same gender as the singular:
:{{Lang|shi-latn|lbhim-t}} "domestic animal" (feminine), plural {{Lang|shi-latn|lbhaym}} (feminine)
:{{Lang|shi-latn|lbzim}} "buckle" (masculine), plural {{Lang|shi-latn|lbzaym}} (masculine)
Loanwords whose singular is masculine may have a plural which is feminine, and marked as such (according to Arabic morphology), for example {{Lang|shi-latn|lɛlam}} "flag" (masculine), plural {{Lang|shi-latn|lɛlum-at}} (feminine).

==== Use of the annexed state ====
The annexed state (EA) of an inflected noun is used in a number of clearly defined syntactical contexts:<ref name="Galand 1988, 4.11"/>
*when the noun occurs as subject in postverbal position:

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|tfulki tmazirt nnun|it.is.beautiful EA-country of.you|"your country is beautiful"}}
{{Col-2}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|tamazirt nnun tfulki|EL-country of.you it.is.beautiful|"[as for] your country, it is beautiful"}}
{{Col-end}}

*after most prepositions (see also {{section link | |Prepositions}}):

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|tiskrt d uẓalim|EL-garlic with EA-onions|"garlic and onions" (EL {{Lang|shi-latn|aẓalim}})}}
{{Col-2}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|tangult n uɣrum|EL-loaf of EA-bread|"a loaf of bread" (EL {{Lang|shi-latn|aɣrum}})}}
{{Col-end}}

*after numerals 1 to 10 and after the indefinite numeral (see also {{section link | |Numerals}}):

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|kraṭṭ tmkilin|three EA-dishes|(EL {{Lang|shi-latn|timkilin}})}}
{{Col-2}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|mnnaw wussan|many EA-days|(EL {{Lang|shi-latn|ussan}})}}
{{Col-end}}

*after some elements which require a following noun phrase (see also {{section link| |Possessed nouns}}):
: {{Lang|shi-latn|ayt Ugadir}} "the people of Agadir"
: {{Lang|shi-latn|bu tɣanimt}} "he with EA-reed: flute player" (EL {{Lang|shi-latn|taɣanimt}})
*after {{Lang|shi-latn|wan}} "like, such as" (premodern, obsolete in the modern language)

{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi
|wan uɣu smmiḍn
|like EA-milk which.is.cold
|"like cold milk, such as cold milk"}}

Outside these contexts, the EL is used. Uninflected nouns and unincorporated loans, which do not distinguish state, remain unchanged in these contexts.

==== Semantics of feminine nouns ====
The formation of feminine nouns from masculine nouns is a productive process. A feminine noun is formed by adding both the feminine nominal prefix {{Lang|shi-latn|t-}} (and, if necessary, a vocalic prefix), and the feminine singular suffix {{Lang|shi-latn|-t}} to a masculine noun. The semantic value of the feminine derivation is variable.

For many nouns referring to male and female humans or animals (mainly larger mammals), matching masculine and feminine forms exist with the same nominal stem, reflecting the sex of the referent:
:{{Lang|shi-latn|adgal}} "widower" → {{Lang|shi-latn|tadgalt}} "widow"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|amuslm}} "Muslim" → {{Lang|shi-latn|tamuslmt}} "Muslima"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|ikni}} "twin boy" → {{Lang|shi-latn|tiknit}} "twin girl"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|afullus}} "cock, rooster" → {{Lang|shi-latn|tafullust}} "hen"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|izm}} "lion" → {{Lang|shi-latn|tizmt}} "lioness"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|udad}} "moufflon" → {{Lang|shi-latn|tudatt}} "female moufflon"
In a few cases there are suppletive forms:
:{{Lang|shi-latn|argaz}} "man, husband" ― {{Lang|shi-latn|tamɣart}} "woman, wife"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|ankkur}} "buck" ― {{Lang|shi-latn|taɣaṭṭ}} "goat"
Feminine nouns derived from masculine nouns with inanimate reference have diminutive meaning:
:{{Lang|shi-latn|aẓru}} "stone" → {{Lang|shi-latn|taẓrut}} "small stone"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|ifri}} "cave" → {{Lang|shi-latn|tifrit}} "hole, lair"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|lbit}} "room" → {{Lang|shi-latn|talbitt}} "small room"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|ṣṣnduq}} "box" → {{Lang|shi-latn|taṣṣnduqt}} "little box"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|urti}} "garden" → {{Lang|shi-latn|turtit}} "small garden"
Conversely, a masculine noun derived from a feminine noun has augmentative meaning:
:{{Lang|shi-latn|tamda}} "lake" → {{Lang|shi-latn|amda}} "large lake"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|tigmmi}} "house" → {{Lang|shi-latn|igmmi}} "large house"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|tiznirt}} "fan palm" → {{Lang|shi-latn|iznir}} "large fan palm"
Feminine nouns derived from masculine collective nouns have singulative meaning:
:{{Lang|shi-latn|asngar}} "maize" → {{Lang|shi-latn|tasngart}} "a cob"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|iﬁfl}} "peppers" → {{Lang|shi-latn|tiﬁflt}} "a pepper"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|bitljan}} "aubergines" → {{Lang|shi-latn|tabitljant}} "an aubergine"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|luqid}} "matches" → {{Lang|shi-latn|taluqitt}} "a match"
Feminine derivations are also used as names of languages, professions and activities:
: {{Lang|shi-latn|ahulandiy}} "Dutchman" → {{Lang|shi-latn|tahulandiyt}} "the Dutch language"
: {{Lang|shi-latn|fransis}} "the French" → {{Lang|shi-latn|tafransist}} "the French language"
: {{Lang|shi-latn|amzil}} "blacksmith" → {{Lang|shi-latn|tamzilt}} "blacksmith's profession"
: {{Lang|shi-latn|inmmtri}} "beggar" → {{Lang|shi-latn|tinmmtrit}} "begging"
: {{Lang|shi-latn|lmumsik}} "miser" → {{Lang|shi-latn|talmumsikt}} "avarice"
: {{Lang|shi-latn|g°ma}} "(my) brother" → {{Lang|shi-latn|tag°mat}} "brotherhood"
There is an overlap here with feminine nouns denoting females:
: {{Lang|shi-latn|tafransist}} "Frenchwoman" and "the French language"
: {{Lang|shi-latn|tinmmtrit}} "beggarwoman" and "begging"

==== Nominal deictic clitics ====
There are three deictic clitics which can follow a noun: proximal {{Lang|shi-latn|a-d}} "this, these", distal {{Lang|shi-latn|a-nn}} "that, those" (compare {{section link| |Verbal deictic clitics}}) and anaphoric {{Lang|shi-latn|lli}} "the aforementioned":
: {{Lang|shi-latn|tammnt '''ad''' ur tɣ°li}} "[as for] '''this''' honey, it is not expensive"
: {{Lang|shi-latn|yaɣ usmmiḍ taɣaṭṭ '''ann''' bahra}} "the cold has badly afflicted '''that''' goat"
: {{Lang|shi-latn|ifk ṭṭir '''lli''' i tazzanin ar srs ttlɛabn}} "then he gave '''the''' bird to some children to play with"