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Almanzor
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==== New campaigns against León and Castile ==== In 987, he made two campaigns against Coimbra, conquering it during the second on 28 June.{{Sfn|Sánchez Candeira|1999|p=24}}{{Sfn|Molina|1981|p=251}}{{Sfn|Martínez Díez|2005|p=513}}{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|p=96}} Unlike previous offensives, focused on looting and destruction, this time he repopulated the area with Muslims, who held the area until 1064.{{Sfn|Martínez Díez|2005|p=514}} In 988 and 989, he again ravaged the Leonese Duero valley.{{Sfn|Sánchez Candeira|1999|p=24}}{{Sfn|Martínez Díez|2005|p=514}} He assaulted Zamora, [[Toro, Zamora|Toro]], León{{Sfn|Sánchez Candeira|1999|p=24}} and Astorga, which controlled access to Galicia,{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|p=99}} and forced Bermudo to take refuge among the Galician counts.{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|p=98}} After concentrating most of his attacks on León, he went on to launch his forces against Castile from 990, previously the object of only four of thirty-one campaigns.{{Sfn|Martínez Díez|2005|p=517}} The west of León would, however, suffer one last attack in December 990, in which [[Montemor-o-Velho]] and Viseu, on the defensive line of the [[Mondego River]], were surrendered, probably as punishment for the asylum that Bermudo had granted to the Umayyad "Piedra Seca".{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|pp=104–105}} The failed collusion of his son Abd Allah and the governors of Toledo and Zaragoza triggered a change of objective.{{Sfn|Martínez Díez|2005|p=517}} Fearing his father's anger over his participation in the plot along with the arrested governor of Zaragoza, Abd Allah had fled to take refuge with count [[García Fernández of Castile]].{{Sfn|Martínez Díez|2005|p=520}} As punishment and to force the surrender of his son, the chamberlain took and armed Osma{{Sfn|Sánchez Candeira|1999|p=24}} in August.{{Sfn|Molina|1981|p=253}}{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|p=100}}{{Sfn|Martínez Díez|2005|p=521}} The broad raid achieved its goal and on 8 September, the Castilian count returned to Abdullah to his father{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|p=103}} in return for a two-year truce.{{Sfn|Martínez Díez|2005|p=522}} Moving on from Castile, the following year he attacked the kingdom of Pamplona.{{Sfn|Martínez Díez|2005|p=524}}{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|p=107}} Sancho II tried to appease the Cordoban leader with a visit to the capital of the Caliphate{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|p=82}} at the end of 992,{{Sfn|Lévi Provençal|1957|p=421}}{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|p=107}}{{Sfn|Bariani|2003|p=219}}{{Sfn|Cañada Juste|1992|p=381}} but this failed to prevent his lands from being subject to a new foray in 994.{{Sfn|Martínez Díez|2005|p=525}}{{Sfn|Molina|1981|p=257}}{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|p=109}}{{Sfn|Cañada Juste|1992|p=383}} The last half of the decade saw general submission of Pamplona to the Caliphate along with its repeated attempts to avoid any punitive Cordoban campaigns.{{Sfn|Cañada Juste|1992|pp=384–385}} In 993 Almanzor attacked Castile again, for unknown reasons, but failed to take [[San Esteban de Gormaz]],{{Sfn|Molina|1981|p=258}} simply looting its surroundings.{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|p=109}}{{Sfn|Martínez Díez|2005|p=530}} He succeeded in taking it the following year, along with [[Clunia]].{{Sfn|Sánchez Candeira|1999|p=24}}{{Sfn|Molina|1981|p=258}}{{Sfn|Martínez Díez|2005|p=530}}{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|p=111}} The loss of San Esteban dismantled Castilian defenses along the Douro, while the taking of Clunia endangered lands south of the [[Arlanza (river)|Arlanza]].{{Sfn|Martínez Díez|2005|p=533}} At the end of 994, on the occasion of the wedding between Bermudo II and a daughter of the Castilian count,{{Sfn|Echevarría Arsuaga|2011|p=155}} Almanzor took León{{Sfn|Martínez Díez|2005|p=533}} and Astorga,{{Sfn|Sánchez Candeira|1999|p=24}} the Leonese capital since 988, and devastated the territory, perhaps also intending to facilitate a future campaign against [[Santiago de Compostela]].{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|p=116}} In May 995,{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|p=125}} the Castilian Count Garcia Fernandez was wounded and taken prisoner{{Sfn|Sánchez Candeira|1999|p=24}}{{Sfn|Bariani|2003|p=219}}{{Sfn|Martínez Díez|2005|p=535}} in a skirmish near the Duero and, despite the care of his captors, he died in Medinaceli.{{Sfn|Echevarría Arsuaga|2011|p=155}}{{Sfn|Lévi Provençal|1957|p=422}}{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|p=118}} He was succeeded by his prudent son [[Sancho García of Castile|Sancho]],{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|p=120}} who had fought with Córdoba against his father{{Sfn|Bariani|2003|p=219}}{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|p=112}} and managed to maintain an informal truce{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|p=120}} with the Caliphate between 995 and 1000.{{Sfn|Echevarría Arsuaga|2011|p=155}}{{Sfn|Martínez Díez|2005|p=556}} The ties between Castile and the chamberlain were sealed with delivery of one of the new count's sisters to Almanzor as a wife or concubine.{{Sfn|Echevarría Arsuaga|2011|p=155}} Urraca Sanchez, nicknamed "the Basque", adopted the Arabic name Abda after being given to Almanzor by her father Sancho II of Pamplona. Urraca and Almanzor had a single son, named Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo that became chief minister of Hisham II, Caliph of Córdoba. As retribution for the support of the former count by the [[Banu Gómez]], counts of [[Saldaña, Palencia|Saldaña]] and former allies of Córdoba, their seat of [[Carrión de los Condes|Carrión]] was attacked in a raid that reached the monastery of San Román de Entrepeñas.{{Sfn|Martínez Díez|2005|p=557}} At the end of 995, a new incursion against [[Aguiar de Sousa|Aguiar]],{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|p=123}} southeast of [[Porto]], forced Bermudo II to return the former Umayyad conspirator "Piedra Seca."{{Sfn|Martínez Díez|2005|p=557}}{{Sfn|Castellanos Gómez|2002|p=123}}
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