Editing Leon Botstein (section)

== President of Bard College ==
In 1975, Botstein left Franconia to become the president of [[Bard College]], a position he still holds.<ref name="auto3"/> He oversaw significant curricular changes,<ref name="auto4">{{Cite news|last=Wilson|first=Robin|date=1997-10-10|title=In a 22-Year Career, Bard's President Radically Transforms College's Mission|work=The Chronicle of High Education|url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/in-a-22-year-career-bards-president-radically-transforms-colleges-mission/|access-date=2021-02-22}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> and, under his leadership, Bard saw record gains in enrollment, campus growth, endowment, institutional reach, and high-profile faculty.<ref name=":0"/><ref name="auto4"/><ref name="auto8"/> Botstein directed the launch of the [[Levy Economics Institute]], a public-policy research center, as well as graduate programs in the fine arts, decorative arts, environmental policy, and [[Center for Curatorial Studies, Bard College|curatorial studies]]; soon thereafter, he helped acquire [[Bard College at Simon's Rock]] and later founded [[Bard High School Early College]], which operates in seven cities: [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], [[New York City]], [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]], [[Washington, D.C.|Washington D.C.]], [[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]], [[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]], and [[Hudson, New York|Hudson]].<ref name="auto8"/><ref name=":0"/>

In the wake of the death of his second child, an 8-year-old daughter, Botstein decided to return to the musical career he had begun at [[University of Chicago]].<ref name="auto3"/> In 1985, he completed his Ph.D. in music history at [[Harvard University|Harvard]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=Music and its public : habits of listening and the crisis of musical modernism in Vienna, 1870-1914  | oclc=70419131 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70419131}}</ref> and began retraining as a conductor with [[Harold Farberman]], eventually leading the [[Hudson Valley Philharmonic]] Chamber Orchestra.<ref name="auto3"/><ref name=":0"/>

===1990–present: Festivals, international programs, and conducting===
[[Image:Fisher at Bard College.jpg|200px|thumbnail|right|Richard B. Fisher Center for the Performing Arts]] In 1990, Botstein established the [[Bard Music Festival]], whose success led to the development of the critically acclaimed<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rozhon|first1=Tracie|title=From Gehry, A Bilbao on The Hudson|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/08/20/garden/from-gehry-a-bilbao-on-the-hudson.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 20, 1998|access-date=2021-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/06/02/030602crsk_skyline?currentPage=1|title=Artistic License Two great new cultural centers open out of town|first=Paul|last=Goldberger|date=2 June 2003|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|access-date=2012-07-09}}</ref> [[Richard B. Fisher Center for the Performing Arts]], a multi-functional facility designed by [[Frank Gehry]] on the Bard campus. In 1992, in addition to being named editor of ''[[The Musical Quarterly]]'', he was appointed director of the [[American Symphony Orchestra]], a position he still holds. Under Botstein's directorship, the orchestra has developed a reputation for rescuing lesser-known works from obscurity.<ref name="auto5">{{cite web|last1=Baker|first1= Zachary |title=Leon Botstein|url=https://prelectur.stanford.edu/lecturers/botstein/|website=Stanford University Libraries|access-date=2021-02-22}}</ref> In 1999, he helped establish Bard’s acclaimed [[Bard Prison Initiative|Prison Initiative]], which established college-in-prison programs across the country and is now active in nine states.<ref name="auto5"/>

In 2003, following the success of the [[Bard Music Festival]], Botstein developed [[Bard SummerScape]], a festival of opera, theater, film, and music, where, since its founding, he has revived 13 rare operas in full staging.<ref>{{cite news|last=Woolfe|first=Zachary|title=An Opera Known for Obscurity, Plucked From the Shadows|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 19, 2013}}</ref> Later that year, Botstein became the music director of the [[Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Eckert|first1=Thor|title=Professor Botstein in the Promised Land|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/12/arts/music/professor-botstein-in-the-promised-land.html?|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 12, 2006|access-date=2021-02-22}}</ref><ref name="auto7">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k9SOCgAAQBAJ&q=%22Leon+Botstein+%282003%22%22Jerusalem+Symphony+Orchestra%22&pg=PA171|title=A Dictionary for the Modern Conductor|first=Emily Freeman|last=Brown|date=August 20, 2015|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810884014|via=Google Books}}</ref> His concerts with the [[Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra]] were broadcast in regular series across the U.S. and Europe, and he led the orchestra on several tours, including twice across the U.S. and to [[Leipzig]] to open the 2009 [[Bach Festival]] with a performance of [[Felix Mendelssohn]]’s [[Elijah (oratorio)|Elijah]] in [[Bach]]’s [[Thomaskirche]]. In 2011, he stepped down from that post and became the [[Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra]]'s Conductor Laureate and, as of 2022, also serves as its Principal Guest Conductor.<ref name="auto7"/> In addition to his work with the ASO and JSO, Botstein has performed or recorded with, among many others, the [[London Philharmonic Orchestra]], [[New York City Opera]], [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]], [[BBC Symphony Orchestra]], [[London Symphony Orchestra]], [[Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra]], [[St. Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra]], [[Mariinsky Theatre Orchestra]], and [[NDR Symphony Orchestra]]. In 2005, his recording of [[Gavriil Popov (composer)|Gavriil Popov]]’s [[Symphony No. 1 (Popov)|First Symphony]] with the [[London Symphony Orchestra]] was nominated for a Grammy Award.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/leon-botstein/791|title=Artist: Leon Botstein|date=November 19, 2019|publisher=Grammy Award|access-date=2021-02-22}}</ref>

[[File:"Intolerance" Performed by the American Symphony Orchestra at Carnegie Hall (26711512508).jpg|thumb|left|Botstein and the American Symphony Orchestra after a performance of ''[[Intolleranza]]'' by [[Luigi Nono]] at [[Carnegie Hall]] in 2018.]]Throughout this period, in collaboration with institutions abroad, Botstein helped launch liberal arts programs to countries in Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, South Africa, Central Asia, and the Middle East. He established programs with [[Al Quds University]],<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/15/world/middleeast/15quds.html Palestinian Campus Looks to East Bank (of Hudson)], ''New York Times'', February 14, 2009</ref> [[American University of Central Asia]],<ref>[http://antiwar.com/radio/2010/12/11/the-other-scott-horton-8/ Scott Horton Interviews The Other Scott Horton] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220165555/http://antiwar.com/radio/2010/12/11/the-other-scott-horton-8/ |date=2011-02-20 }}, ''[[Antiwar.com#Antiwar Radio|Antiwar Radio]]'' (Dec. 11, 2010)</ref> and [[Central European University]],<ref name="ceu.bard.edu">{{cite web |url=http://ceu.bard.edu/about/ |title=CEU &#124; About CEU & Budapest |access-date=3 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505093748/http://ceu.bard.edu/about/ |archive-date=5 May 2008  }} Bard College: About CEU and Budapest</ref> as well as helping found [[Bard College Berlin]]<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.berlin.bard.edu/about-us/history/|title = History|access-date = August 9, 2014|website = Bard College Berlin}}</ref> and [[Smolny College]], Russia's first and foremost liberal arts institution.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fischer|first1=Karen|title=A Missionary for Liberal Arts|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/08/education/a-missionary-for-liberal-arts.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 7, 2014|access-date=2021-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Redden|first1=Elizabeth|title=Open Society University Network Launched With $1 Billion Gift|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/02/04/amid-authoritarian-resurgence-george-soros-pledges-1-billion-toward-new-university|website=Inside Higher Education|access-date=2021-02-22}}</ref>

Botstein also turned his attention to developing Bard's music program. In 2005, he oversaw the development of The [[Bard College Conservatory of Music]] and later became director of The Bard Conservatory Orchestra.<ref name="auto5"/> During this period, he also helped Bard acquire the [[Longy School of Music of Bard College|Longy School of Music]], and led The Bard Conservatory Orchestra on tours of China, Eastern Europe, and Cuba. In addition to conducting for the Youth Orchestra of Caracas in Venezuela and on tour in Japan, Botstein also helped develop Take a Stand, a national music program in the U.S. based on principles of El Sistema.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ng|first1=David|title=Los Angeles Philharmonic embarking on new El Sistema initiative|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/la-et-cm-los-angeles-philharmonic-el-sistema-youth-20150108-story.html|website=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 8, 2015 |access-date=2021-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://fishercenter.bard.edu/events/event/?eid=131228|work=Fisher Center|title=NATIONAL TAKE A STAND ORCHESTRA: YOUTH ORCHESTRA OF THE EAST}}</ref> In 2015, he founded The Orchestra Now,<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |url=https://www.bard.edu/theorchnow/about/ |title=About The Orchestra Now |publisher=bard.edu |access-date=2021-02-22}}</ref> a pre-professional orchestra and master’s degree program at [[Bard College]]; in addition to performing multiple concerts each season at [[Carnegie Hall]] and [[Lincoln Center]], The Orchestra Now performs a regular concert series at Bard's [[Richard B. Fisher Center for the Performing Arts|Fisher Center]] and takes part in [[Bard Music Festival]] concerts.<ref name="auto1"/>

In 2016, Botstein received $150,000 as a donation to Bard College from the foundation Gratitude America, which was founded by financier and convicted sex offender [[Jeffrey Epstein]], according to articles in ''[[The New York Times]]''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patel |first1=Vimal |title=Bard President Received $150,000 From Foundation Created by Jeffrey Epstein |work=The New York Times |date=May 17, 2023 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/17/us/leon-botstein-bard-college-jeffrey-epstein.html |access-date=5 January 2024}}</ref> and ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''. At the time, Botstein was on the charity's advisory board.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Briquelet |first=Kate |date=May 17, 2023 |title=Epstein Transferred Thousands of Dollars to Noam Chomsky, Leon Botstein: Report |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epstein-transferred-thousands-of-dollars-to-noam-chomsky-leon-botstein-report |access-date=May 17, 2023 |website=[[The Daily Beast]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Safdar |first=Khadeeja |date=May 17, 2023 |title=Jeffrey Epstein Moved $270,000 for Noam Chomsky and Paid $150,000 to Leon Botstein |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/jeffrey-epstein-noam-chomsky-leon-botstein-bard-ce5beb9d |access-date=May 17, 2023 |website=[[Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref>

In 2018, Botstein was appointed artistic director of Campus Grafenegg in Austria, where he collaborated with [[Thomas Hampson]] and [[Dennis Russell Davies]]. On January 23, 2020, he was named chancellor of the Open Society University Network, of which [[Bard College]] and [[Central European University]] are founding members.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/newsroom/george-soros-launches-global-network-to-transform-higher-education|title=George Soros Announces Global Initiative to Transform Higher Education|website=Opensocietyfoundations.org|access-date=December 14, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://opensocietyfoundations.org/people/leon-botstein|title=Leon Botstein|website=Opensocietyfoundations.org|access-date=December 14, 2024}}</ref>

In 2019, Botstein appeared in the documentary ''[[College Behind Bars]]'', a four-part television series about the [[Bard Prison Initiative]], a degree program offered to inmates in New York prisons. The series was produced by his daughter, Sarah Botstein, who works for [[Ken Burns]]'s documentary production company.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|last2=|first2=|last3=|first3=|last4=|first4=|last5=|first5=|last6=|first6=|title=Sarah Botstein|url=https://kenburns.com/staff/sarah-botstein/|access-date=2021-09-01|website=Ken Burns|language=en-US}}</ref>