Editing SCORE (software) (section)

===Mainframe origins===

The first incarnation of SCORE was written by [[Leland Smith]] in 1967 as a means of entering music into the MUSIC V sound generating system running on the [[PDP-10]] [[mainframe computer]]s at the [[Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory]] (SAIL).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Leland |title=The 'SCORE' Program for Musical Input to Computers |journal=Proceedings of the 1980 International Computer Music Conference |date=1980 |volume=1980 |pages=226–230 |hdl=2027/spo.bbp2372.1980.019 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.bbp2372.1980.019 |access-date=3 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Leland |title=SCORE - A Musician's Approach to Computer Music |journal=Journal of the Audio Engineering Society |date=Jan–Feb 1972 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=7–14 |url=https://ccrma.stanford.edu/~aj/archives/docs/all/649.pdf |accessdate=30 December 2019}}</ref>

The core concept of SCORE was to break music into a set of items ('objects' in modern terminology) with parameters that describe their characteristics.  In this example of an early SCORE routine the beginnings of the parameter system (P2, P3 etc.) can be seen:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schottstaedt |first1=Bill |title=Pla: A Composer's Idea of a Language |journal=Computer Music Journal |date=Spring 1983 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=11–20 |doi=10.2307/3679914|jstor=3679914 }}</ref>
<pre>
BUZZ;
P2 RHY/4/2/8//REP 3,2//;
DF 1000.2;
P3 NOTES/P C4/B/C/O B3/C/FINE;
P4 LIT/P3%2/!-52;
P5 .2 10,100 .4 200,210 .2 1,1;
P6 -9999.5;
P7 1000;
P8 FU/1/2//;
END;
</pre>

As [[vector graphics]] [[computer terminal|terminals]] became available in the early 1970s, the parametric approach to describing musical information that had been designed for MUSIC V was adapted by Smith into a program he called MSS (the standard abbreviation for [[manuscript]]s) for printing musical scores.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Leland |title=Editing and Printing Music by Computer |journal=Journal of Music Theory |date=1973 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=292–309 |jstor=843345 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/843345 |access-date=31 October 2021}}</ref>  The [[plotter|graphics plotters]] used for output were not able to plot curves so MSS did not use music [[computer font|font]]s as they are understood today, instead using user-editable symbol libraries based on [[polygon]]s, and text was generated from an internal character set.<ref name="scormus">{{cite web archived |title=The SCORE Music Publishing System |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602040203/http://scoremus.com/score.html |website=SCORE Music |publisher=San Andreas Press |archive-date=2 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="cmjobit">{{cite journal |last1=Selfridge-Field |first1=Eleanor |title=Leland Smith (1925-2013) |journal=Computer Music Journal |date=Summer 2014 |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=5–7 |url=https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/COMJ_e_00246?journalCode=comj |doi=10.1162/COMJ_e_00246 |accessdate=7 January 2020|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The first printing of a complete musical work set entirely by computer was of Smith's ''Six Bagatelles for Piano'' which appeared in December 1971, printed at 100[[dpi]] on a [[CalComp plotter]] and reduced by a factor of five for printing at 8.5"x11".<ref name=WinScore/><ref>{{cite web |title=SCORE Products - Six Bagatelles|url=http://www.scoremus.com/sixbag-musp.htm |website=SCORE Music |publisher=San Andreas Press  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513134144/http://www.scoremus.com/sixbag-musp.htm |archive-date=2019-05-13}}</ref>  Smith's ''Woodwind Trio''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Leland |title=Trio for Woodwinds |url=http://www.scoremus.com/wwtrio-musp.htm |website=SCORE Music |publisher=San Andreas Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613113425/http://www.scoremus.com/wwtrio-musp.htm |archive-date=13 June 2019}}</ref> was published using this system in 1973 and [[Richard Swift (composer)|Richard Swift]], reviewing it for ''[[Notes (journal)|Notes]]'', drew attention to the 'admirable clarity and ease of reading for performer and score reader, easily equivalent to the finest examples of contemporary music printing by other means. This new process claims the serious attention of commercial music publishers for its fine qualities, not the least of which is ease and cheapness of production.'<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Swift |first1=Richard |title=Trio for Woodwinds. Palo Alto, California: The San Andreas Press, c1960; Graphic Realization by PDP10 Computer, 1973 by Leland Smith |journal=Notes |date=December 1974 |volume=31 |issue=2 |page=397 |doi=10.2307/897165|jstor=897165 }}</ref>

The first book about music typeset entirely by computer to be published was his ''Handbook of Harmonic Analysis'' in 1979, created on the PDP-10 computer at SAIL using the PUB typesetting program (for more information see [[#External_links|''External links'']]) in conjunction with MSS.  The printing was done at double size on a [[Varian Data Machines]] Statos [[electrostatic plotter]] and then optically reduced by a factor of two for [[lithography|lithographic printing]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Smith | first=Leland |title=Handbook of Harmonic Analysis|publisher=San Andreas Press|date=1979 |location=Palo Alto, CA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U987AQAAIAAJ}}</ref>

From its creation until 1985, all development of MSS was either done on the PDP-10 computers at Stanford or during residencies at [[IRCAM]] in the [[Pompidou Centre]], [[Paris]].<ref name=WinScore/>