Editing Tewa language (section)

== Phonology ==

The phonemes of Rio Grande Tewa are as follows:<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{citation |first=Randall Hannaford |last=Speirs |title=An Orthography for Rio Grande Tewa |year=1974}}</ref>

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |[[Bilabial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" |[[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br/>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" |[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
!<small>plain</small>
!<small>sibilant</small>
!<small>plain</small>
!<small>lab.</small>
|- align="center"
! rowspan="3" |[[Stop consonant|Plosive]]/<br/>[[Affricate]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
|{{IPAlink|p}}
|{{IPAlink|t̪}} ⟨t⟩ 
|{{IPAlink|ts}}
|{{IPAlink|tʃ}} ⟨ch⟩ 
|{{IPAlink|k}}
|{{IPAlink|kʷ}} ⟨kw⟩ 
|{{IPAlink|ʔ}} ⟨'⟩
|- align="center"
!<small>ejective</small>
|{{IPAlink|pʼ}}
|{{IPAlink|tʼ}}
|{{IPAlink|tsʼ}}
|{{IPAlink|tʃʼ}} ⟨ch'⟩ 
|{{IPAlink|kʼ}}
|{{IPAlink|kʷʼ}} ⟨kw'⟩ 
|
|- align="center"
!<small>voiced</small>
|{{IPAlink|b}}     
|{{IPAlink|d}}
|
|({{IPAlink|dʒ}}) ⟨j⟩ 
|{{IPAlink|ɡ}}
|
|
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
|{{IPAlink|f}}
|{{IPAlink|θ}} ⟨th⟩ 
|{{IPAlink|s}}
|{{IPAlink|ʃ}} ⟨sh⟩ 
|{{IPAlink|x}}
|{{IPAlink|xʷ}} ⟨xw⟩ 
|{{IPAlink|h}}
|- align="center"
!<small>voiced</small>
|{{IPAlink|v}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPAlink|m}}
|{{IPAlink|n}}
|
|{{IPAlink|ɲ}} ⟨ñ⟩ 
|
|
|
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|{{IPAlink|r}} 
|
|
|
|
|
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
|
|
|{{IPAlink|j}} ⟨y⟩
|
|{{IPAlink|w}}
|
|}

* The voiced postalveolar affricate {{IPAslink|dʒ}} occurs in the Santa Clara dialect.
* All alveolars shown are [[apico-alveolar]]. 
* {{IPAslink|g}} and {{IPAslink|k}} are dorso-prevelar {{IPA|[k̟, ɡ̟]}} before front vowels and dorso-velar {{IPA|[k, ɡ]}} before back vowels. [[Spirantization]] can also occur, causing {{IPAslink|ɡ}} to be pronounced like {{IPAblink|ɣ}} or {{IPAblink|ʁ}}.
* {{IPAslink|t̪}} is [[apical consonant|apico-dental]].
* {{IPAslink|f}} ranges from {{IPAblink|f}} to {{IPAblink|ɸ}} to {{IPAblink|pʰ}}.
* {{IPAslink|θ}} ranges from apico-dental {{IPAblink|θ}} to {{IPAblink|t̪}}.
* {{IPAslink|x}} ranges from {{IPAblink|x}} to {{IPAblink|kʰ}}.
* {{IPAslink|v}} ranges from {{IPAblink|v}} to {{IPAblink|β}}.
* {{IPAslink|n}} is pronounced as {{IPAblink|ŋ}} if proceeding velar or glottal consonants, {{IPAslink|w}}, or an external transition.

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|i ĩ
|u ũ
|- align="center"
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|e ẽ
|o õ
|- align="center"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|æ æ̃
|a ã
|}

* Vowels have both length and nasal differentiation.
* In syllables closed by nasal consonants or in final weak stressed syllables, {{IPAslink|i}} occurs as [ɪˆ].
* {{IPAslink|e}} is [e] when long, but is [eˇ] when short and [əˆ] when closed by a nasal consonant.
* {{IPAslink|æ}}, when following {{IPAslink|m}} is realized a bit raised, and when following {{IPAslink|n}} is realized as [əˆ].
* {{IPAslink|u}} is realized as [ʊˆ] in syllables closed by a nasal vowel.
* The long nasalized variety of {{IPAslink|a}} is, in some speakers, realized as [ɐ].

=== Syllable structure ===
There are 9 types of syllables in Tewa: CV, CV:, CVN, CVh, CVʔ, CV', CVʔN, V, and VN.

N here stands for nasal, and as seen, there are some constructions where the only consonants available are :, h, or nasals, and as such these have been specified in order to create maximum specificity, instead of just referring to these constructions with just the C for consonant.

=== Tone ===
Tewa has three tones, high, low, and glide. 

Within two-syllable words, the only combinations found are high-high, low-low, low-high, and high-low.

=== Stress ===
The use of stress in Tewa is still relatively unknown.

In two-syllable nouns with the pattern CVCV and the tone pattern high-high or low-low, there is heavier stress placed on the first syllable. Roots also tend to show heavier stress than affixes if each is the same syllable and tone type. A stronger stress is associated with a higher tone and greater vowel length. However, because of the complex use of tone, syllable type, and contour segments more research does need to be done.