Editing Tribeca (section)

==History==

=== Early history ===
The area now known as Tribeca was farmed by Dutch settlers to [[New Amsterdam]], prominently [[Roeliff Jansen Kill#Roeliff Jansen|Roeleff Jansen]]  (who obtained the land patent, called Dominie's Bouwery, from [[Wouter van Twiller]] in 1636) and his wife Anneke Jans who later married [[Everardus Bogardus]]. The land stayed with the family until 1670 when the deed was signed over to Col. [[Francis Lovelace]]. In 1674 the Dutch took possession of the area until the English reclaimed the land a year later. In 1674, representing the [[James II of England|Duke of York]], [[Edmund Andros|Governor Andros]] took possession of the land.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Dutchwoman's Farm; The Hon. James W. Gerard on the Anneke Jans Bogardus Claims. |website=The New York Times |date=May 7, 1879 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/svc/tmach/v1/refer?pdf=true&res=9803E1DE133EE63BBC4F53DFB3668382669FDE |access-date=March 15, 2019}}</ref>

Tribeca was later part of the large tract of land given to [[Trinity Church (Manhattan)|Trinity Church]] by [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]] in 1705. In 1807, the church built [[St. John's Chapel (New York City)|St. John's Chapel]] on [[Varick Street]] and then laid out [[St. John's Park]], bounded by Laight Street, Varick Street, [[Ericsson Place]], and [[Hudson Street (Manhattan)|Hudson Street]]. The church also built [[Hudson Square]], a development of brick houses that surrounded the park, which would become the model for [[Gramercy Park]]. The area was among the first residential neighborhoods developed in New York City beyond the city's colonial boundaries, and remained primarily residential until the 1840s.<ref name=enc-nyc />

Several streets in the area are named after [[Anthony Lispenard Bleecker]] and the Lispenard family. Beach Street was created in the late 18th century and was the first street on or adjacent to the farm of Anthony Lispenard Bleecker, which was just south of what is now [[Canal Street (Manhattan)|Canal Street]]; the name of the street is a corruption of the name of Paul Bache, a son-in-law of Anthony Lispenard.<ref>{{cite streetbook}}, p.26</ref><ref>{{cite naming |page=43}}</ref> Lispenard Street in Tribeca is named for the Lispenard family,<ref name="cite naming|page=45">{{cite naming |page=45}}</ref> and [[Bleecker Street]] in [[NoHo, Manhattan|NoHo]] was named for Anthony Lispenard Bleecker.<ref name="cite naming|page=45" />

=== Commercial and industrial development ===
During the 1840s and then continuing after the [[American Civil War]], shipping in New York City – which then consisted only of [[Manhattan]] – shifted in large part from the [[East River]] and the area around South Street to the [[Hudson River]], where the longer piers could more easily handle the larger ships which were then coming into use. In addition, the dredging of the sand bars which lay across the entrance to [[New York Harbor]] from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] made it easier for ships to navigate to the piers on the Hudson, rather than use the "back door" via the East River to the piers there.<ref>{{cite concrete |page=96}}</ref><ref name=aia59 />  Later, the Hudson River piers also received freight via railroad cars ferried across the river from New Jersey.<ref name=fednyc>{{cite fednyc |pages=73–80}}</ref>

[[File:Radio Row-Berenice Abbott.jpg|thumb|"Radio Row", seen here in 1934, was displaced by the building of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]]. (Photo by [[Berenice Abbott]])]]{{anchor|Washington Market|Bear Market}}
The increased shipping encouraged the expansion of the '''Washington Market''' – a wholesale produce market that opened in 1813 as "'''Bear Market'''" – from the original market buildings to buildings throughout its neighborhood, taking over houses and warehouses to use for the storage of produce, including butter, cheese, and eggs.<ref name=aia59 /><ref name=enc-nyc /> In the mid-19th century, the neighborhood was the center of the dry goods and textile industries in the city, and St. John's Park was turned into a freight depot.<ref name=enc-nyc /> Later, the area also featured fireworks outlets, pets stores, radios – which were clustered in a district that was displaced by the building of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] – sporting goods, shoes, and church supplies.<ref name=fednyc /> By the mid-19th century, the area transformed into a commercial center, with large numbers of store and loft buildings constructed along Broadway in the 1850s and 1860s.

Development in the area was further spurred by [[New York City Subway]] construction, namely the extension of the [[IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line]] (today's {{NYCS trains|Broadway-Seventh}}), which opened for service in 1918, and the accompanying extension of [[Seventh Avenue (Manhattan)|Seventh Avenue]] and the widening of [[Varick Street]] during subway construction in 1914, both of resulted in better access to the area for vehicles and for subway riders. The area was also served by the [[IRT Ninth Avenue Line]], an elevated train line on [[Greenwich Street (Manhattan)|Greenwich Street]] demolished in 1940.

After the construction of the [[Holland Tunnel]] from 1920 to 1927 and the transition of freight shipping from ships and railroads to trucks,<ref>Bradley, Betsey (December 8, 1982) [http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1714.pdf "Tribeca North Historic District Designation Report"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226205416/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1714.pdf |date=December 26, 2016 }} [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]</ref> the truck traffic generated by the market and other businesses caused considerable congestion in the area. This provoked the building between 1929 and 1951 of the [[Miller Highway]], an elevated roadway that came to be called the [[West Side Highway]], the purpose of which was to handle through automobile traffic, which thus did not have to deal with the truck congestion at street level. Because of a policy of "deferred maintenance", the elevated structure began to fall apart in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and the highway was shut down in 1973. The roadway project planned to replace it, called [[Westway (New York)|Westway]], was fought by neighborhood activists, and was eventually killed by environmental concerns. Instead, West Street was rebuilt to handle through traffic.<ref name=aia59>{{cite aia5|page=59}}</ref><ref name=enc-nyc />

=== Redevelopment ===
By the 1960s, Tribeca's industrial base had all but vanished, and the produce market moved to [[Hunts Point, Bronx|Hunts Point]] in [[the Bronx]] in the 1960s. The city put an urban renewal plan into effect, which involved the demolition of many old buildings, with the intent of building high-rise residential towers, office buildings, and schools. Some of these were constructed, including Independence Plaza in 1975 on Washington Street, the [[Borough of Manhattan Community College]] in 1980, and [[Washington Market Park]] in 1981.<ref name=enc-nyc /> Some warehouse buildings were converted to residential use, and lofts began to be utilized by artists, who lived and worked in their spaces, a model which had been pioneered in nearby [[SoHo, Manhattan|SoHo]].<ref name=aia59 /> In the early 1970s, a couple of years after artists in SoHo were able to legalize their live/work situation, artist and resident organizations in the area to the south, then known as Washington Market or the '''Lower West Side''', sought to gain similar zoning status for their neighborhood. One of the neighborhood groups called themselves the "Triangle Below Canal Block Association", and, as activists had done in SoHo, shortened the group's name to the Tribeca Block Association. The Tribeca name came to be applied to the area south of Canal Street, between Broadway and West Street, extending south to – as variously defined – Chambers, Vesey,<ref name="NYMag">{{cite news |url=http://nymag.com/realestate/articles/neighborhoods/tribeca.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808164946/https://nymag.com/realestate/articles/neighborhoods/tribeca.htm |archive-date=August 8, 2011 |title=Tribeca – New York City Neighborhood – NYC |work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |access-date=February 21, 2023 |url-status=dead}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>[https://www.google.com/maps/place/Tribeca,+New+York,+NY/@40.7195183,-74.0114943,17z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x89c25a1f938ba715:0x4553612f06be2498!8m2!3d40.7162692!4d-74.0086323 "Tribeca, Manhattan, New York, NY"] [[Google Maps]]</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Jacobson |first=Aileen |date=September 2, 2020 |title=TriBeCa: Cobblestone Streets and Multimillion-Dollar Homes |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/02/realestate/living-in-tribeca.html |access-date=September 2, 2020 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=September 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902091622/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/02/realestate/living-in-tribeca.html |url-status=live }}</ref> or Murray Street.<ref name=enc-nyc>Gold, Joyce "Tribeca" in {{cite enc-nyc2}}, p.1333</ref>

[[File:Tribeca map crop.png|thumb|left|Map of Tribeca (excluding the portion south of Chambers Street) and major parks and transit connections.]]
In 1996, the Tribeca Open Artist Studio Tour was founded as a non-profit, artist-run organization with the mission to empower the working artists of Tribeca while providing an educational opportunity for the public. For 15 years, the annual free walking tour through artist studios in Tribeca has allowed people to get a unique glimpse into the lives of Tribeca's best creative talent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.toastartwalk.com/ |title=Tribeca Open Artist Studio Tour (TOAST) |publisher=Toastartwalk.com |access-date=August 15, 2014 |archive-date=June 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623083952/http://toastartwalk.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>  Tribeca suffered both physically and financially after the [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks]], but government grants and incentives helped the area rebound fairly quickly.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fordfound.org/pdfs/impact/responding_to_attacks.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219090917/http://www.fordfound.org/pdfs/impact/responding_to_attacks.pdf |url-status=dead |title=Responding to the 9/11 Terrorist Attacks: Lessons from Relief and Recovery in NYC |archivedate=February 19, 2009 |accessdate=March 17, 2023}}</ref> The [[Tribeca Film Festival]] was established to help contribute to the long-term recovery of lower Manhattan after 9/11. The festival also celebrates New York City as a major filmmaking center. The mission of the film festival is "to enable the international film community and the general public to experience the power of film by redefining the film festival experience." Tribeca is a popular filming location for movies and television shows.

By the early 21st century, Tribeca became one of Manhattan's most fashionable and desirable neighborhoods, well known for its celebrity residents. Its streets teem with art galleries, boutique shops, restaurants, and bars.<ref name=enc-nyc /> In 2006, ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine ranked its 10013 zip code as New York City's most expensive (however, the adjacent, low-income neighborhood of [[Chinatown, Manhattan|Chinatown]], also uses the 10013 zip code).<ref>[http://images.forbes.com/lists/2006/7/ZIP10013.html Most Expensive ZIP Codes 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809115149/http://images.forbes.com/lists/2006/7/ZIP10013.html |date=August 9, 2020 }}, ''[[Forbes]]'', accessed November 6, 2006</ref> {{As of|2010|post=,}} Tribeca was the safest neighborhood in New York City, according to NYPD and [[CompStat]] statistics.<ref>Manley, Charles. [http://voices.yahoo.com/the-safest-most-dangerous-areas-york-city-7542578.html "The Safest and Most Dangerous Areas of New York City"] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20140116195827/http://voices.yahoo.com/the-safest-most-dangerous-areas-york-city-7542578.html |date=January 16, 2014 }} on the Yahoo! Voices website</ref> In the 2010s, several skyscrapers were completed, including 30 Park Place (containing the [[Four Seasons Hotel New York Downtown]]), [[56 Leonard Street]], and [[111 Murray Street]].<ref name=":0" />

{{US Census population
|1950 = 782
|1960 = 382
|1970 = 370
|1980 = 5949
|1990 = 8386
|2000 = 10395
|2010 = 17056
}}