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Water trough
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==Locomotive equipment== [[File:1862Cat1269.jpg|thumb|Diagram of LNWR tender apparatus from 1862]] A ''scoop'' was fitted to the underside of the locomotive's tender (or the locomotive itself in the case of tank locomotives) in such a way that it could be raised or lowered, by a hand-operated screw or a power mechanism. The scoop fed into a vertical pipe that discharged into the water tank. The scoop was purposely made of light construction so that, should it strike an obstruction, it tore away, causing no serious damage to the locomotive or its trailing vehicles. Tender locomotives generally picked up in the forward direction only.<ref name=vaughan/> [[Tank locomotive]]s were not usually fitted with water scoops, but some larger tank locomotives, such as on the [[Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway]], were and in these cases they were equipped to pick up in either direction.<ref >{{cite book |last1=Tuplin |first1=William |title=North Western Steam |year=1963 |publisher=Allen & Unwin |location=London |oclc=504695570 |page=136 }}</ref> The scoop needed to be lowered at speed at the correct location β shortly before the start of the trough β and raised again when either the tank is full, or at the end of the trough. Failure to raise the scoop promptly when the tanks are full would resulted in large volumes of water being expelled from the vents, soaking the tender and footplate. The fireman therefore had to observe the water level indicator (a float in the tank, connected to an external pointer) carefully and be poised to retract the scoop as necessary. Lineside indicators were provided to assist engine crews in determining the location; in the UK it was a large white rectangular board with a black horizontal zigzag marking. On American railroads, illuminated trackside signals were employed for night-time usage, to indicate the start and approaching end of the track pan. A 1934 report said that the [[London, Midland and Scottish Railway|LMS]] had carried out tests recently and introduced a deflector {{cvt|1|ft|4|in|cm}} ahead of the scoop to pile water in the centre of the trough, thus reducing spillage out of the troughs by about 400 gallons (1,800 L) (about 20%) for each use.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=The Railway Magazine |date=January 1934 |page=5 |title=Water pick-up troughs |volume=74 |issue=439 }}</ref> Venting on the tender needed to be free to allow a high rate of release of expelled air from the tank.
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