Editing Shilha language (section)

=== Numerals ===
The inherited cardinal numeral system consists of ten numerals (still in active use) and three numeral nouns (now obsolete) for "a tensome", "a hundred" and "a thousand". There is also an indefinite numeral meaning "several, many" or "how many?" which morphologically and syntactically patterns with the numerals 1 to 10. For numbers of 20 and over, Arabic numerals are commonly used.

==== Numerals 1 to 10, indefinite numeral ====
These are listed below.<ref name="Galand 1988, 4.11"/> The formation of feminine "one" and "two" is irregular.

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
!width="120"| ||width="120"| Masculine ||width="120"| Feminine
|-
| "one" || {{Lang|shi-latn|ya-n}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|ya-t}}
|-
| "two" || {{Lang|shi-latn|sin}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|sna-t}}
|-
| "three" || {{Lang|shi-latn|kraḍ}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|kraṭ-ṭ}}
|-
| "four" || {{Lang|shi-latn|kkuẓ}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|kkuẓ-t}}
|-
| "five" || {{Lang|shi-latn|smmus}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|smmus-t}}
|-
| "six" || {{Lang|shi-latn|sḍis}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|sḍis-t}}
|-
| "seven" || {{Lang|shi-latn|sa}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|sa-t}}
|-
| "eight" || {{Lang|shi-latn|tam}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|tam-t}}
|-
| "nine" || {{Lang|shi-latn|tẓa}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|tẓa-t}}
|-
| "ten" || {{Lang|shi-latn|mraw}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|mraw-t}}
|-
| indefinite|| {{Lang|shi-latn|mnnaw}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|mnnaw-t}}
|}

The numerals 1 to 10 are constructed with nouns (inflected nouns in the EA), the gender of the numeral agreeing with that of the noun:

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|yan wag°mar|"one EA-horse"|}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|yat tfunast|"one EA-cow"|}}
{{Col-2}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|sin wag°marn|"two EA-horses"|}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|snat tfunasin|"two EA-cows"|}}
{{Col-end}}

{{efn|Examples presented here of numerals with horses and cows are extrapolated from attested constructions.}}
The same obtains with the indefinite numeral:
:{{Lang|shi-latn|mnnaw wag°marn}} "several/many EA-horses, how many horses?"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|mnnawt tfunasin}} "several/many EA-cows, how many cows?"
Numerals {{Lang|shi-latn|yan}}, {{Lang|shi-latn|yat}} "one" also serve as indefinite article, for example {{Lang|shi-latn|yan urumiy}} "one Westerner, a Westerner", and they are used independently with the meaning "anyone" ({{Lang|shi-latn|yan}}), "anything" ({{Lang|shi-latn|yat}}):
:{{Lang|shi-latn|ur iẓri ḥtta yan}} "he didn't see anyone"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|ur ksuḍɣ yat}} "I'm not afraid of anything"
The final {{Lang|shi-latn|n}} of masculine {{Lang|shi-latn|yan}} "one" and {{Lang|shi-latn|sin}} "two" is often assimilated or fused to a following {{Lang|shi-latn|w}}, {{Lang|shi-latn|y}} or {{Lang|shi-latn|l}}:
: {{Lang|shi-latn|yan w-ass}} → {{Lang|shi-latn|yaw wass}} "one EA-day"
: {{Lang|shi-latn|yan w-sgg°as}} → {{Lang|shi-latn|ya wsgg°as}} "one EA-year"
: {{Lang|shi-latn|yan lmakan}} → {{Lang|shi-latn|yal lmakan}} "a place"
: {{Lang|shi-latn|sin y-sgg°as-n}} → {{Lang|shi-latn|si ysgg°asn}} "two EA-years"
: {{Lang|shi-latn|sin y-ir-n}} → {{Lang|shi-latn|siy yirn}} "two EA-months"

==== Teens ====
The teens are made by connecting the numerals 1 to 9 to the numeral 10 with the preposition {{Lang|shi-latn|d}} "with". In the premodern language, both numerals took the gender of the counted noun, with the following noun in the plural (EA):

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|sin d mraw wag°marn|two with ten EA-horses|"twelve horses"}}
{{Col-2}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|snat d mrawt tfunasin|two with ten EA-cows|"twelve cows"}}
{{Col-end}}

In the modern language, fused forms have developed in which the first numeral is always masculine,<ref>Examples in Destaing (1920) sub {{Lang|fr|onze, douz}}, etc.</ref> while the following noun is in the singular, and connected with the preposition {{Lang|shi-latn|n}} "of":<ref>Galand (1988, 4.15).</ref>

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|sindmraw n wag°mar|twelve of EA-horse|"twelve horses"}}
{{Col-2}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|sindmrawt n tfunast|twelve of EA-cow|"twelve cows"}}
{{Col-end}}

==== Tens, hundreds, thousands ====
There are three inherited nouns to denote "a tensome", "a hundred" and "a thousand". These now seem to be obsolete, but they are well attested in the premodern manuscripts.<ref>See van den Boogert (1997:286–7).</ref> Morphologically, they are ordinary inflected nouns.

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
!width="120"|
!width="240" colspan="2"| Singular
!width="240" colspan="2"| Plural
|-
! ||EL || EA ||EL ||EA
|-
| "a tensome"   || {{Lang|shi-latn|t-a-mraw-t}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|t-mraw-t}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|t-i-mraw-in}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|t-mraw-in}}
|-
| "a hundred"   || {{Lang|shi-latn|t-i-miḍi}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|t-miḍi}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|t-i-maḍ}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|t-maḍ}}
|-
| "a thousand"  || {{Lang|shi-latn|ifḍ}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|y-ifḍ}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|afḍa-n}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|w-afḍa-n}}
|}

The tens, hundreds and thousand were formed by combining the numerals 1 to 10 with the numeral nouns:

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-3}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|snat tmrawin|two EA-tensomes|"twenty"}}
{{Col-3}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|snat tmaḍ|two EA-hundreds|"two hundred"}}
{{Col-3}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|sin wafḍan|two EA-thousands|"two thousand"}}
{{Col-end}}

The numeral nouns are connected with the preposition {{Lang|shi-latn|n}} "of" to a noun, which is most often in the singular:

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|timiḍi n wag°mar|EL-hundred of EA-horse|"a hundred horses"}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|snat tmaḍ n wag°mar|two EA-hundreds of EA-horse|"two hundred horses"}}
{{Col-2}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|ifḍ n tfunast|EL-thousand of EA-cow|"a thousand cows"}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|sin wafḍan n tfunast|two EA-thousands of EA-cow|"two thousand cows"}}
{{Col-end}}

In the modern language the Arabic tens are used, which have developed a separate feminine form:

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|ɛcrin n wag°mar|twenty of EA-horse|"twenty horses"}}
{{Col-2}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|ɛcrint n tfunast|twenty of EA-cow|"twenty cows"}}
{{Col-end}}
The numerals between the tens are most frequently made with the Arabic numerals 1 to 10:

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|xmsa w ɛcrin n wag°mar|five and twenty of EA-horse|"twenty-five horses"}}
{{Col-2}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|xmsa w ɛcrint n tfunast|five and twenty of EA-cow|"twenty-five cows"}}
{{Col-end}}

The Arabic hundreds and thousands are used in the modern language, taking the places of the original numeral nouns while the original syntax is maintained:

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|miya n wag°mar|hundred of EA-horse|"a hundred horses"}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|snat id miya n wag°mar|two PL hundred of EA-horse|"two hundred horses"}}
{{Col-2}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|alf n tfunast|thousand of EA-cow|"a thousand cows"}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|sin walfiwn n tfunast|two EA-thousands of EA-cow|"two thousand cows"}}
{{Col-end}}

There is also a vigesimal system built on the Arabic numeral {{Lang|shi-latn|ɛcrin}} "twenty, score",<ref>Aspinion (1953:254).</ref> for example:

{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|sin id ɛcrint n tfunast|two PL score of EA-cow|"forty cows"}}

==== Ordinal numerals ====
''First'' and ''last'' are usually expressed with relative forms of the verbs {{Lang|shi-latn|izwur}} "to be first" and {{Lang|shi-latn|ggru}} "to be last":

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|tawriqqt izwarn|page which.is.first|"the first page"}}
{{Col-2}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|ussan gg°ranin|days which.are.last|"the last days"}}
{{Col-end}}

There are also agent nouns derived from these verbs which are apposed to a noun or used independently:

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|aḍrf amzwaru|furrow the.first.one|"the first furrow"}}
{{Col-2}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|tucka d tamggarut|she.arrived hither the.last.one|"she arrived last"}}
{{Col-end}}

The other ordinals are formed by prefixing masc. {{Lang|shi-latn|wis-}}, fem. {{Lang|shi-latn|tis-}} to a cardinal numeral,<ref>Galand (1988, 4.18).</ref> which is then constructed with a plural noun in the usual manner:

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|wis-kraḍ wussan|ORD-three EA-days|"the third day"}}
{{Col-2}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|tis-kraṭṭ twal|ORD-three EA-times|"the third time"}}
{{Col-end}}

The ordinal prefixes is also used with Arabic numerals and with the indefinite numeral:
:{{Lang|shi-latn|wis-xmsa w-ɛcrin n dulqqiɛda}} "the 25th [day] of [the month] Dhū al-Qaʿda"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|wis-mnnawt twal}} "the how-manieth time?"

Because four of the numerals 1 to 10 begin with {{Lang|shi-latn|s}}, the geminated {{Lang|shi-latn|ss}} that results from the prefixation of {{Lang|shi-latn|wis-}}, {{Lang|shi-latn|tis-}} (as in {{Lang|shi-latn|wissin}}, {{Lang|shi-latn|wissmmus}}, etc.) is often generalized to the other numerals: {{Lang|shi-latn|wissin}}, {{Lang|shi-latn|wisskraḍ}}, {{Lang|shi-latn|wisskkuẓ}}, etc.