Editing Celtiberian language (section)

===PIE Consonants===

* PIE '''*bʰ, *dʰ, *gʰ''' > '''b, d, g''': Loss of [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] voiced aspiration.
**Celtiberian and Gaulish placename element '''{{lang|xce|-brigā}}''' 'hill, town, akro-polis' < *''bʰr̥ǵʰ-eh₂'';
**'''{{lang|xce|nebintor}}''' 'they are watered' < *''nebʰ-i-nt-or''; 
**'''{{lang|xce|dinbituz}}''' 'he must build' < *''dʰingʰ-bī-tōd'', '''{{lang|xce|ambi-dingounei}}''' 'to build around > to enclose' < *''h₂m̥bi-dʰingʰ-o-mn-ei'' (cf. Latin ''{{lang|la|fingō}}'' 'to build, shape' < *''dʰingʰ-o'', Old Irish ''cunutgim'' 'erect, build up' < *''kom-ups-dʰingʰ-o''), '''{{lang|xce|ambi-diseti}}''' '(that someone) builds around > enclose' < *''h₂m̥bi-dʰingʰ-s-e-ti''. 
**'''{{lang|xce|gortika}}''' 'mandatory, required' < *''gʰor-ti-ka'' (cfr. Latin ''{{lang|la|ex-horto}}'' 'exhort' < *''ex-gʰor-to''); though, as the meaning in Celtiberian cannot be determined with certainty, this root may be related to Old Irish ''gort'' "field" (<PIE: *''g<sup>h</sup>о̄rd<sup>h</sup>-s'', Gen. *''g<sup>h</sup>rd<sup>h</sup>-os'' ‘enclosure, garden, pen") and its many Indo-European cognates.<ref>Matasovic, R. '' Etymological Dictionary Of Proto-Celtic'' Brill, 2009, pp. 264-265</ref>
**'''{{lang|xce|duatir}}''' 'daughter' < *''dʰugh₂tēr'', '''{{lang|xce|duateros}}''' 'grandson, son of the daughter' (Common Celtic ''{{lang|cel-x-proto|duxtir}}'');
**'''{{lang|xce|bezom}}''' 'mine' < *''bʰedʰ-yo'' 'that is pierced'.
* PIE '''*kʷ''': Celtiberian preserved the [[Proto-Indo-European language|PIE]] [[voiceless consonant|voiceless]] [[labialized velar consonant|labiovelar]] ''kʷ'' (hence [[Proto-Celtic language|Q-Celtic]]), a development also observed in Archaic Irish and Latin. On the contrary [[Brythonic languages|Brythonic]] and [[Gaulish]] ([[Proto-Celtic language|P-Celtic]]—a change also seen in some dialects of [[Ancient Greek language|Ancient Greek]] and some [[Italic languages|Italic]] branches like [[Osco-Umbrian|P-Italic]]) changed ''kʷ'' to  ''p''. '''-kue''' 'and' < *''kʷe'', Latin ''-que'', Osco-Umbrian ''-pe'' 'and', ''neip'' 'and not, neither' < *''ne-kʷe''.
* PIE '''*ḱw''' > '''ku''': '''{{lang|xce|ekuo}}''' ''horse'' (in ethnic name ''ekualakos'') < *''h₁eḱw-ālo'' (cf. Middle Welsh ''ebawl'' 'foal' < *''epālo'', Latin ''{{lang|la|equus}}'' 'horse', OIr. ''ech'' 'horse' < *eko´- < *''h₁eḱwo-'', OBret. ''eb'' < *''epo-'' < *''h₁eḱwo-'');
**'''{{lang|xce|kū}}''' 'dog' < *''kuu'' < *''kwōn'', in '''{{lang|xce|Virokū}}''', 'hound-man, male hound/wolf, werewolf' (cfr. Old Irish ''Ferchú'' < *Virokū,  Old Welsh ''Gurcí'' < *Virokū 'idem.'.<ref>Lambert, Pierre-Yves. "Francisco Villar, M.a Pilar Fernandez Álvarez, ed. Religión, lengua y cultura prerromanas de Hispania, Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 2001 (Acta Salmanticensia, Estudios Filológicos, 283). = Actas del VIII Coloquio internacional sobre lenguas y culturas prerromanas de la Península Ibérica (11-14 mai 1999, Salamanque)". In: ''Etudes Celtiques'', vol. 35, 2003. p. 393. [www.persee.fr/doc/ecelt_0373-1928_2003_num_35_1_2242_t1_0386_0000_2]</ref>
* PIE '''*gʷ''' > '''b''': '''bindis''' 'legal agent' < *''gʷiHm-diks'' (cfr. Latin ''vindex'' 'defender');<ref>De Bernardo, P. "La gramática celtibérica del bronce de Botorrita. Nuevos Resultados". In Palaeohispanica 9 (2009), pp. 683-699.</ref>
**'''{{lang|xce|bovitos}}''' 'cow passage' < *''gʷow-(e)ito'' (cfr. OIr ''bòthar'' 'cow passage' < *gʷow-(e)itro),<ref>Schmidt, K. H. "How to define celtiberian archaims?". in Palaeohispanica 10 (2010), pp. 479-487.</ref> and '''boustom''' 'cowshed' < *''gʷow-sto''.
* PIE '''*gʷʰ''' > '''gu''': '''{{lang|xce|guezonto}}''' < *''gʷʰedʰ-y-ont'' 'imploring, pleading'. Common Celtic {{lang|cel-x-proto|guedyo}} 'ask, plead, pray', OIr. ''guidid'', W. ''{{lang|cy|gweddi}}''.
* PIE  '''*p''' > '''*φ''' > '''∅''': Loss of PIE *''{{PIE|p}}'', e.g. ''{{lang|cel-x-proto|ro-}}'' (Celtiberian, Old Irish and Old Breton) vs. Latin ''{{lang|la|pro-}}'' and [[Sanskrit]] ''{{transliteration|sa|IAST|pra-}}''. '''{{lang|xce|ozas sues}}''' acc. pl. fem. 'six feet, unit of measure' (< *''φodians'' < *''pod-y-ans'' *''sweks'');
**'''{{lang|xce|aila}}''' 'stone building' < *''pl̥-ya'' (cfr. OIr. ''ail'' 'boulder');
**'''{{lang|xce|vamos}}''' 'higher' < *''uφamos'' < *''up-m̥os'';
**'''{{lang|xce|vrantiom}}''' 'remainder, rest' < *''uper-n̥tiyo'' (cfr. Latin ''{{lang|la|(s)uperans}}'').
**Toponym '''{{lang|xce|Litania}}''' now [[Ledaña]] 'broad place' < *''pl̥th<sub>2</sub>-ny-a''.

Final '''*-m''' is preserved in Celtiberian (and Lepontic), a further indication of these dialects' conservatism. It is generally fronted to -n in Gaulish (exceptional cases, for instance on the [[Larzac tablet]], are probably due to influence from Latin): '''boustom''' "stable."<ref>Cólera, Carlos Jordán (2007) "Celtiberian," e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: Vol. 6, Article 17. p. 768 Available at: https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/17</ref>