Editing Closed platform (section)

== Examples ==
Some examples of walled gardens include:
* In the 1990s, [[AOL]] developed what later was called its "walled garden" [[Online service provider|model of service]].<ref name="Wu 2016">{{cite book|last1=Wu|first1=Tim|author-link1=Tim Wu|title=[[The Attention Merchants: The Epic Scramble to Get Inside Our Heads]]|date=2016|publisher=[[Penguin Random House]]|location=New York|isbn=9780385352017|page=210}}</ref> The idea was to preferentially offer sponsored content to users when possible.<ref name="Wu 2016"/> During this period, [[CBS]] paid to provide sports content, [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] paid to provide news, and [[1-800-Flowers]] paid to be the default florist for anyone seeking one.<ref name="Wu 2016"/> This strategy became AOL's first good method for selling advertisements.<ref name="Wu 2016"/> In its time, this method was highly profitable to AOL.<ref name="Wu 2016"/>
* [[Amazon.com|Amazon]]'s [[Amazon Kindle|Kindle]] line of [[eReader]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|date=29 February 2012<!-- - 2:58PM PT-->|title=How the e-book landscape is becoming a walled garden|author=Mathew Ingram|journal=Gigaom|url=http://gigaom.com/2012/02/29/how-the-e-book-landscape-is-becoming-a-walled-garden/|access-date=7 October 2012|archive-date=18 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218001740/https://gigaom.com/2012/02/29/how-the-e-book-landscape-is-becoming-a-walled-garden/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=With New Kindle, Bezos Proves Ecosystems Matter More Than Hardware|author=Jay Akasie|date=7 September 2012<!-- 12:30 pm-->|url=http://www.minyanville.com/sectors/technology/articles/amazon-new-kindle-amazon-kindle-family/9/7/2012/id/43794|access-date=7 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911014834/http://www.minyanville.com/sectors/technology/articles/amazon-new-kindle-amazon-kindle-family/9/7/2012/id/43794|archive-date=11 September 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> As an October 2011 ''[[Business Insider]]'' article, entitled "How Amazon Makes Money From The Kindle" observes: "Amazon's Kindle is no longer just a product: It's a whole ecosystem." Moreover, as ''Business Insider'' noted "The Kindle ecosystem is also Amazon's fastest-growing product and could account for more than 10% of the company's revenue next year."<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/kindle-economics-2011-10 |title=How Amazon Makes Money From The Kindle; Amazon's Kindle is no longer just a product: It's a whole ecosystem |author=Pascal-Emmanuel Gobry|date=18 October 2011 |journal=Business Insider |access-date=29 November 2013}}</ref>
* [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] [[iOS]] and other mobile devices, which are restricted to running pre-approved applications from a [[digital distribution]] service.<ref>{{cite news |title=''Battle for the Internet'' (Part III of series): Walled gardens look rosy for Facebook, Apple – and would-be censors|author=Charles Arthur |journal=[[The Guardian]] |date=17 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=1 July 2011 |author=Ben Bajarin |title=Why Competing With Apple is So Difficult |url=https://techland.time.com/2011/07/01/why-competing-with-apple-is-so-difficult/}}</ref>
* [[Barnes & Noble]]'s [[Barnes & Noble Nook|Nook]] devices. In late December 2011, B&N began pushing the automatic, [[Over-the-air programming|over-the-air]] firmware update 1.4.1 to Nook Tablets that removed users' ability to gain [[Rooting (Android)|root access]] to the device and the ability to [[sideloading|sideload]] applications from sources other than the official Barnes and Noble NOOK Store (without [[modding]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itworld.com/mobile-wireless/234809/kindle-fire-and-nook-tablet-both-get-upgraded-reduced-functionality |website=ITWorld.com |author=Smith, Peter |date=21 December 2011 |access-date=10 January 2012 |title=Kindle Fire and Nook Tablet both get "upgraded" with reduced functionality |archive-date=8 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108015721/http://www.itworld.com/mobile-wireless/234809/kindle-fire-and-nook-tablet-both-get-upgraded-reduced-functionality |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pcper.com/category/tags/update |website=PCPerspective.com |author=Verry, Tim|date=21 December 2011 |access-date=10 January 2012 |title=Kindle Fire and Nook Tablet Receive Root Access Killing Software Updates}}</ref> [[Nook HD]] devices were similarly "closed", until May 2013, when BN opened its ecosystem somewhat by permitting users to install the Google [[Play Store]] and the various [[Android (operating system)|Android]] apps offered there, including those of rivals, such as [[Audible.com]], [[ComiXology]], Kindle, [[Kobo Inc.|Kobo]], and Google itself.<ref>{{cite news|work=CNet|title=Barnes & Noble adds Google Play store to its tablets: The Nook HD and HD+ may not be fully "open" Android tablets, but they're now much more open than they were|date=2 May 2013|author=Carnoy, David|url=http://www.cnet.com/news/barnes-noble-adds-google-play-store-to-its-tablets/}}</ref>
* The [[Encrypted Media Extensions]] specification provides [[Application programming interface|API]]s to control playback of encrypted content. This is part of the [[World Wide Web Consortium]]'s web standards and was authored by members working from [[Google]], [[Microsoft]] and [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.w3.org/TR/encrypted-media/|title=Encrypted Media Extensions|website=www.w3.org|language=en|access-date=11 July 2017}}</ref>
*  [[Kwangmyong (network)|Kwangmyong]], the [[national intranet]] service that operates in North Korea. It operates as a "walled garden" network, as no information from overseas is permitted to enter the network without government approval.
* [[Verizon Wireless]]' [[CDMA]] network and policies effectively prohibiting [[BYOD|activation of non-Verizon sanctioned devices on their network]]. Verizon Wireless is frequently noted (and often criticized) for this practice.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}}
* [[Blockchain#Private blockchains|Permissioned blockchains]] have been called the “walled gardens” of 2017.<ref>[https://medium.com/@soodsandeep/permissioned-blockchains-are-the-virgin-margaritas-of-cryptocurrency-2da976d93ce4 Permissioned blockchains are the virgin margaritas of cryptocurrency]</ref>
* [[Video game console]]s have a long history of walled gardens, with developers needing to purchase licences to develop for the platform, and, in some cases, needing editorial approval from the console manufacturer prior to publishing games.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=2249630 |title=We Are the App Store |work=[[Hacker News]] |publisher=[[Y Combinator]] |access-date=29 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=ITU News |url=https://itunews.itu.int/En/1953-The-world-of-video-games.note.aspx |number=10 |year= 2011 |title=The world of video games: Trends in video games and gaming |author=Martin Adolph of ITU’s Telecommunication Standardization Bureau (TSB)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://gsbapps.stanford.edu/cases/detail1.asp?Document_ID=1285 |title=Electronic Arts in 1995 |author1=Robert A. Burgelman |author2=Carrie C. Oliver |publisher=Stanford Graduate School of Business |pages=16 pages |date=1 August 1997 |id=SM24-PDF-ENG |access-date=29 November 2013}}</ref>
* [[Super-app]]s such as [[WeChat]], [[Twitter|X]], and [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]] have been called walled gardens by critics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Liao |first=Rita |date=2022-10-08 |title=Elon Musk's X app for 'everything' might be a non-starter in the US |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/10/08/elon-musk-x-everything-wechat-tesla-app/ |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>