Editing Detroit–Windsor tunnel (section)

=== Construction ===
Construction began on the tunnel in the summer of 1928.<ref name="DWT">{{cite web |title=History |url=https://www.dwtunnel.com/history/ |website=Detroit Windsor Tunnel |access-date=18 April 2023 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418064045/https://www.dwtunnel.com/history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Detroit–Windsor tunnel was built by the firm Parsons, Klapp, Brinckerhoff and Douglas  (the same firm that built the [[Holland Tunnel]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collectstocks.com/detcantuncom.html|title=Detroit & Canada Tunnel Company 1931|work=Scripophily|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603221733/http://www.collectstocks.com/detcantuncom.html|archive-date=2008-06-03}}</ref> The executive engineer was Burnside A. Value, the engineer of design was Norwegian-American engineer Søren Anton Thoresen, while fellow Norwegian-American [[Ole Singstad]] consulted, and designed the ventilation.<ref>{{citation|title=Saga in Steel and Concrete: Norwegian Engineers in America|last=Bjork|first=Kenneth|publisher=Norwegian-American Historical Association|year=1947|pages=191–202|url=http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/NORWAY/2003-05/1051983030|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603213639/http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/NORWAY/2003-05/1051983030|archive-date=June 3, 2008
}}</ref><ref>[http://scandinavian-museum.org/genealogy.htm Scandinavian East Coast Museum, Genealogical Listings] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509161039/http://scandinavian-museum.org/genealogy.htm |date=2008-05-09 }}</ref>

Three different methods were used to construct the tunnel.<ref name="ASCE">{{cite news |last1=Jones |first1=Jenny |title=An International Connection: The Detroit-Windsor Tunnel |url=https://ascelibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.1061/ciegag.0000546 |access-date=20 April 2023 |work=Civil Engineering |publisher=ASCE |date=Jan 2011 |volume=81 |pages=44–45 |doi=10.1061/ciegag.0000546 |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420003854/https://ascelibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.1061/ciegag.0000546 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="DWT"/> The approaches were constructed using the [[cut-and-cover]] method. Beyond the approaches, a [[tunneling shield]] method was used to construct hand-bored tunnels. Most of the river section used the [[immersed tube]] method in which steam-powered [[dredgers]] dug a trench in the river bottom and then covered over with {{convert|4|to|20|ft}} of mud. The nine {{convert|250|ft}}-long tubes measured {{convert|35|ft}} in diameter.<ref name="ASCE"/>

The Detroit–Windsor tunnel was completed in 1930 at a total cost of approximately $25 million (around ${{Formatprice|{{inflation|US-GDP|25000000|1930}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US-GDP}} dollars).{{inflation-fn|US-GDP}}<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=qOIDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Popular+Science+1930+plane+%22Popular+Mechanics%22&pg=PA889 "A $25,000,000 Mile Tunnel" ''Popular Mechanics'', December 1930, pp 889-890] detailed article with photos and drawings on construction</ref> It was the third underwater vehicular tunnel constructed in the United States,<ref>{{Cite book|title = Reference Guide to Famous Engineering Landmarks of the World: Bridges, Tunnels, Dams, Roads and Other Structures|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Jox4CAAAQBAJ|publisher = Routledge|date = 2015-04-22|isbn = 9781135932619|language = en|first = Lawrence|last = Berlow}}</ref> following the [[Holland Tunnel]], between [[Jersey City, New Jersey]], and downtown [[Manhattan]], [[New York State|New York]], and the [[Posey Tube]], between [[Oakland, California|Oakland]] and [[Alameda, California|Alameda]], [[California]].

Its creation followed the opening of cross-border rail freight tunnels including the [[St. Clair Tunnel]] between [[Port Huron, Michigan]], and [[Sarnia]], [[Ontario]], in 1891 and the [[Michigan Central Railway Tunnel]] between Detroit and Windsor in 1910.

The cities of Detroit and Windsor hold the distinction of jointly creating both the second and third tunnels between two nations in the world. The Detroit–Windsor tunnel is the world's third tunnel between two nations, and the first international vehicle tunnel. The [[Michigan Central Railway Tunnel]], also under the Detroit River, was the second tunnel between two nations. The [[St. Clair Tunnel]], between [[Port Huron, Michigan]], and Sarnia, Ontario, under the St. Clair River, was the first.