Editing Oʼodham language (section)

==Phonology==
{{hatnote|For clarity, the terms '''Tohono Oʼodham''' and '''Papago''' refer to the same language; likewise for '''Akimel Oʼodham''' and '''Pima'''.}}

Oʼodham phonology has a typical Uto-Aztecan inventory distinguishing 19 consonants and 5 vowels.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Saxton |first1=Dean |title=Papago Phonemes |journal=[[International Journal of American Linguistics]] |date=January 1963 |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=29–35 |doi=10.1086/464708 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago, IL |issn=1545-7001 |jstor=1264104|s2cid=224808393 }}</ref>

===Consonants===

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|-
!colspan=2|
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPAlink|m}}
|{{IPAlink|n̪|n}}
|
|{{IPAlink|ɲ}}
|{{IPAlink|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan=2| [[Plosive]]/<br>[[Affricate]]
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|{{IPAlink|p}}
|{{IPAlink|t̪|t}}
|
|{{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}}
|{{IPAlink|k}}
|rowspan=2|{{IPAlink|ʔ}}
|-
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|{{IPAlink|b}}
|{{IPAlink|d̪|d}}
|{{IPAlink|ɖ}}
|{{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}}
|{{IPAlink|g}}
|-
! colspan=2| [[Fricative]]
|
|[[Voiced dental fricative|ð]] [[Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]
|{{IPAlink|ʂ}}
|
|
|{{IPAlink|h}}
|-
! colspan=2| [[Approximant]]
|{{IPAlink|w}}
|
|
|{{IPAlink|j}}
|
|
|-
! colspan=2| [[Flap consonant|Flap]]
|
|
|{{IPAlink|𝼈}}
|
|
|
|}

The retroflex consonants are [[apical consonant|apical]] [[postalveolar consonant|postalveolar]].

===Vowels===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! !! [[Front vowel|Front]] !! [[Central vowel|Central]] !! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[High vowel|High]]
| {{IPAlink|i|i iː}} || {{IPAlink|ɨ|ɨ ɨː}} || {{IPAlink|ʊ}} {{IPAlink|uː}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| || {{IPAlink|ə}} || {{IPAlink|ɔ|ɔ ɔː}}
|-
! [[Low vowel|Low]]
| || {{IPAlink|a|a aː}}||
|}

Most vowels distinguish two degrees of length: long and short, and some vowels also show [[extra-short]] duration (voicelessness).

* {{lang|ood|ṣe꞉l}} {{IPA|/ʂɨːɭ/}} "[[Seri people|Seri]]"
* {{lang|ood|ṣel}} {{IPA|/ʂɨɭ/}} "permission"
* {{lang|ood|ʼa꞉pi}} {{IPA|/ʔaːpi/}} "you"
* {{lang|ood|da꞉pĭ}} {{IPA|/daːpɪ̥/}} "I don't know", "who knows?"

Papago {{IPA|/ɨ/}} is pronounced {{IPA|[ʌ]}} in Pima.

Additionally, in common with many northern Uto-Aztecan languages, vowels and nasals at end of words are [[devoiced]]. Also, a short [[schwa]] sound, either voiced or unvoiced depending on position, is often interpolated between consonants and at the ends of words.

===Allophony and distribution===

* Extra short {{angle bracket|ĭ}} is realized as voiceless {{IPA|[i̥]}} and devoices preceding obstruents: {{lang|ood|cuwĭ}} {{IPA|/tʃʊwi̥/}} → {{IPA|[tʃʊʍi̥]~[tʃʊʍʲ]}} "jackrabbit".
* {{IPA|/w/}} is a fricative {{IPA|[β]}} before unrounded vowels: {{lang|ood|wisilo}} {{IPA|[βisiɭɔ]}}.
* {{IPA|[ŋ]}} appears before {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/ɡ/}} in Spanish loanwords, but native words do not have nasal assimilation: {{lang|ood|to꞉nk}} {{IPA|[toːnk]}} "hill", {{lang|ood|namk}} {{IPA|[namk]}} "meet", {{lang|ood|ca꞉ŋgo}} {{IPA|[tʃaːŋɡo]}} "monkey". {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/ɭ/}}, and {{IPA|/ɖ/}} rarely occur initially in native words, and {{IPA|/ɖ/}} does not occur before {{IPA|/i/}}.
* {{IPA|[ɲ]}} and {{IPA|[n]}} are largely in complementary distribution, {{IPA|[ɲ]}} appearing before high vowels {{IPA|/i/ /ɨ/ /ʊ/}}, {{IPA|[n]}} appearing before low vowels {{IPA|/a/ /ɔ/}}: {{lang|ood|ñeʼe}} "sing". They contrast finally ({{lang|ood|ʼañ}} (1st imperfective auxiliary) vs. {{lang|ood|an}} "next to speaker"), though Saxton analyzes these as {{IPA|/ani/}} and {{IPA|/an/}}, respectively, and final {{IPA|[ɲi]}} as in {{lang|ood|ʼa꞉ñi}} as {{IPA|/niː/}}. However, there are several Spanish loanwords where {{IPA|[nu]}} occurs: {{lang|ood|nu꞉milo}} "number". Similarly, for the most part {{IPA|[t]}} and {{IPA|[d]}} appear before low vowels while {{IPA|[tʃ]}} and {{IPA|[dʒ]}} before high vowels, but there are exceptions to both, often in Spanish loanwords: {{lang|ood|tiki꞉la ("tequila")}} "wine", TO weco / AO veco ("[de]bajo") "under".