Editing Substrate in Romanian (section)

===Comparative methods applied to Thraco-Dacian and/or other Indo-European languages===

The comparative method can be extended to other languages of the Indo-European family, including ones from which Romanian could not have borrowed directly or indirectly, in order to reconstruct Thraco-Dacian substratum words. This yields results with varying degrees of probability. Between 80 and 100 words belong to this category.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sala |first=Marius |trans-title=From Latin to Romanian |title=De la Latină la Română |publisher=Editura Pro Universitaria |year=2012 |isbn=978-606-647-435-1 |page=83 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Sala |first=Marius |chapter=Contact and Borrowing |title=The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages |editor1=Martin Maiden |editor2=John Charles Smith |editor3=Adam Ledgeway |pages=187–236 [201] |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2013 |doi=10.1017/cho9781139019996.007}}</ref>

Substratum words like ''mal'' (1. shore, bank; 2. ravine, reg. a raised portion of land smaller than a hill and with abrupt sides) have almost identical correspondents in Albanian ''mal'' (mountain), but they can also be related to toponyms like Dacia Maluensis later renamed by Romans to Dacia Ripensis (''rīpa'' - meaning bank, shore -  has been inherited in Romanian as ''râpă'' - the abrupt side of a hill).<ref name="Brâncuș 2005 45">{{Cite book|last=Brâncuș |first=Grigore |trans-title=Introduction to the History of Romanian Language |title=Introducere în istoria limbii române] |publisher=Editura Fundaţiei România de Mâine |year=2005 |isbn=973-725-219-5  |page=45 }}</ref>

All river names over 500&nbsp;km and half of those between 200 and 500&nbsp;km derive from pre-[[Latin]] substratum, according to linguist and philologist Oliviu Felecan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Felecan |first1=Oliviu |last2=Felecan |first2=Nicolae |title=Etymological strata reflected in Romanian hydronymy |journal=Quaderns de Filología. Estudis Lingüístics |volume=20 |issue=Toponímia Románica |pages=251–269 |year=2015 |issn=1135-416X |doi=10.7203/qfilologia.20.7521 |doi-access=free |hdl=10550/49693 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Similarly, linguist [[Grigore Brâncuș]] states that almost the entire major hydronymy has been transmitted from Dacian to Romanian.<ref name="Brâncuș 2005 45"/> Other linguists have pointed out that the present Romanian forms of these hydronyms indicate that they were borrowed from [[Slavs]] or [[Hungarians]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrovici |first=Emil |title=Istoria și geografia României |quote=There is not a single river name of Romanian origin, the old river names have been transmitted into Romanian through Slavic transmission.}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Nandris |first=Grigore |author-link=Grigore Nandriș |title=The Development and Structure of Rumanian |journal=The Slavonic and East European Review |volume=30 |issue=74 |pages=7–39 |date=December 1951}}</ref><ref name=":21">{{Cite book |last=Makkai |first=László |url= |title=History of Transylvania Volume I. From the Beginnings to 1606 - III. Transylvania in the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom (896–1526) - 1. Transylvania'a Indigenous Population at the Time of the Hungarian Conquest |publisher=Columbia University Press, (The Hungarian original by Institute of History Of The Hungarian Academy of Sciences) |year=2001 |isbn=0-88033-479-7 |location=New York |language=English |chapter=Toponymy and Chronology |chapter-url=http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/61.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Miskolczy |first=Ambrus |date=2018 |title=A román nép születése – avagy egy rejtély filológiája |url=http://acta.bibl.u-szeged.hu/57282/1/aetas_2018_004_134-166.pdf |journal=Aetas - Történettudományi Folyóirat |language=Hungarian |publisher=Nemzeti Kulturális Alap, Szegedi Tudományegyetem Bölcsészettudományi Kara, Szegedért Alapítvány, Szeged Megyei Jogú Város Önkormányzata, Nemzeti Együttműködési Alap |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=146}}</ref>

[[Image:Rivers Romania.png|thumb|350px|Major rivers of Romania. According to one theory, Romanian (a [[Romance language]]) has preserved the substrate form of their names instead of the Latin form. Other linguist say that the Romanian form of the names of these rivers indicate, that they are loanwords in Romanian mainly from [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] and [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]].]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Romanian river names with the etymons found in Indo-European languages as per Felecan&Felecan.
|-
! Name in Romanian !! Proposed etymon !! Language of the etymon
|-
| [[Danube|Dunăre]] || Donaris || [[Thracian language|Thracian]]
|-
| [[Mureș (river)|Mureș]] || morisjo || [[Dacian language|Dacian]]
|-
| [[Olt (river)|Olt]] || *ol- || rowspan="3" | [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
|-
| [[Prut]] || *pltus 
|-
| [[Siret (river)|Siret]] || *ser-  
|-
| [[Tisza|Tisa]] || Tibisio || [[Dacian language|Dacian]]
|-
| [[Argeș (river)|Argeș]] || *arg- || rowspan="3" | [[Thracian language|Thracian]]
|-
| [[Buzău (river)|Buzău]] || *bhuǧ- 
|-
| [[Crișul Alb|Crișul]] || kres- 
|-
| [[Jiu (river)|Jiu]] || Gilpil  || [[Dacian language|Dacian]]
|-
| [[Someș]] || çam- || [[Sanskrit]]
|-
| [[Timiș (river)|Timiș]] || *ti- || [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
|-
| [[Ampoi]] || Ampee || [[Daco-Moesian|Daco-moesian]]
|-
| [[Bârzava (Timiș)|Bârzava]] || berzava || [[Thracian language|Thracian]]
|-
| [[Gilort]] || sil-arta || [[Dacian language|Dacian]]
|-
| Ibru || *eybhro || rowspan="3" | [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
|-
| [[Vedea]] || *ued- 
|-
| [[Nera (Danube)|Nera]] || *ner- 
|-
| [[Năruja (river)|Năruia]] || *ner- || [[Dacian language|Dacian]]
|-
| [[Săsar]] || *ser- || rowspan="2" | [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
|-
| [[Strei]] || *s(e)reu 
|}