Editing The Chicago Manual of Style (section)

==Citation styles==
Two types of citation styles are provided. In both cases, two parts are needed: first, notation in the text, which indicates that the information immediately preceding was from another source; and second, the full citation, which is placed at another location.

===Author-date style===
Using author-date style,{{efn|name=fn1|As used with periodical/journal articles.}} the sourced text is indicated parenthetically with the last name(s) of the author(s) and the year of publication with no intervening punctuation.<ref name="cmos4">{{cite book |title=The Chicago Manual of Style |chapter=15: Author-Date References |publisher=University of Chicago Press |at=Section 22: Text citations—basic form |isbn=9780226287058 |lccn=2017020712 |edition=17th |date=2017 |oclc=1055308068}}</ref>

{{quote frame|Research has found that students do not always cite their work properly (Smith 2016).}}

When page numbers are used, they are placed along with the author's last name and date of publication {{em|after}} an interposed comma.<ref name="cmos4" /> 
    
{{quote frame|Research has found that students do not always cite their work properly (Smith 2016, 24).}}

If the author's name is used in the text, only the date of publication need be cited parenthetically (with or without the page number).<ref>{{cite book |title=The Chicago Manual of Style |chapter=15: Author-Date References |publisher=University of Chicago Press |at=Section 5: The author-date system—overview |isbn=9780226287058 |edition=17th |lccn=2017020712 |date=2017 |oclc=1055308068 }}</ref>

{{quote frame|Research done by Smith found that students do not always cite their work properly (2016).}}

In-text citations are usually placed just inside a mark of punctuation. An exception to this rule is for [[block quotation]]s, where the citation is placed outside the punctuation.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Chicago Manual of Style |chapter=15: Author-Date References |publisher=University of Chicago Press |at=Section 25: Text citations in relation to surrounding text and punctuation |isbn=9780226287058 |edition=17th |lccn=2017020712 |date=2017 |oclc=1055308068}}</ref>

The full citation for the source is then included in a references section at the end of the material.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Chicago Manual of Style: Chapter 15: Author-Date Reference|publisher=University of Chicago Press |at=Section 6: Basic structure of a reference list entry |isbn=9780226287058 |edition=17th |lccn=2017020712 |date=2017 |oclc=1055308068}}</ref> As publication dates are prominent in this style, the reference entry places the publication date ''following'' the author(s) name.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Chicago Manual of Style |chapter=15: Author-Date References |publisher=University of Chicago Press |at=Section 14: Placement of dates in reference list entries |isbn=9780226287058 |edition=17th |lccn=2017020712 |date=2017 |oclc=1055308068}}</ref>

{{quote frame|Heilman, James M., and Andrew G. West. 2015. "Wikipedia and Medicine: Quantifying Readership, Editors, and the Significance of Natural Language." ''Journal of Medical Internet Research'' [[Volume (bibliography)|17]] [[Issue (periodical)|(3)]]: e62. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:10.2196/jmir.4069.}}

===Notes and bibliography style===
Using notes and bibliography style,{{efn|name=fn1}} the sourced text is indicated by a [[superscript]]ed note number that corresponds to a full citation either at the bottom of the page (as a footnote) or at the end of a main body of text (as an endnote).<ref>{{cite book |title=The Chicago Manual of Style |chapter=14: Notes and Bibliography |publisher=University of Chicago Press |at=Section 20: Basic structure of a note |isbn=9780226287058 |edition=17th |lccn=2017020712 |date=2017 |oclc=1055308068}}</ref> In both instances, the citation is also placed in a bibliography entry at the end of the material, listed in alphabetical order of the author's last name.<ref name="cmos2">{{cite book |title=The Chicago Manual of Style |chapter=14: Notes and Bibliography |publisher=University of Chicago Press |at=Section 21: Basic structure of a bibliography entry |isbn=9780226287058 |edition=17th |lccn=2017020712 |date=2017 |oclc=1055308068}}</ref> The two formats differ: notes use commas where bibliography entries use periods.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Chicago Manual of Style |chapter=14: Notes and Bibliography |publisher=University of Chicago Press |at=Section 167: Basic structure of a periodical citation |isbn=9780226287058 |edition=17th |lccn=2017020712 |date=2017 |oclc=1055308068}}</ref>

The following is an example of a journal article citation provided as a note and its bibliography entry.

{{block indent|1=1. James M. Heilman and Andrew G. West, "Wikipedia and Medicine: Quantifying Readership, Editors, and the Significance of Natural Language," ''Journal of Medical Internet Research'' [[Volume (bibliography)|17]], [[Issue (periodical)|no. 3]] (2015): e62, [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:10.2196/jmir.4069.}}

{{block indent|1=Heilman, James M., and Andrew G. West. "Wikipedia and Medicine: Quantifying Readership, Editors, and the Significance of Natural Language." ''Journal of Medical Internet Research'' [[Volume (bibliography)|17]], [[Issue (periodical)|no. 3]] (2015): e62. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:10.2196/jmir.4069.}}

In order of appearance, the elements of a bibliography entry are:
* The author(s), with the first author's name inverted in the bibliography entry<ref name="cmos2" /> (in this case "Heilman, James M., and Andrew G. West");
* The article title inside [[quotation mark]]s<ref>{{cite book |title=The Chicago Manual of Style |chapter=14: Notes and Bibliography |publisher=University of Chicago Press |at=Section 169: Journal article—title |isbn=9780226287058 |edition=17th |lccn=2017020712 |date=2017 |oclc=1055308068}}</ref> (in this case '"Wikipedia and Medicine: Quantifying Readership, Editors, and the Significance of Natural Language."');
* The journal title in [[italics]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Chicago Manual of Style |chapter=14: Notes and Bibliography |publisher=University of Chicago Press |at=Section 170: Title of journal |isbn=9780226287058 |edition=17th |lccn=2017020712 |date=2017 |oclc=1055308068}}</ref> (in this case "''Journal of Medical Internet Research''{{-"}});
* The [[Volume (bibliography)|volume]]<ref name="vol">{{cite book |title=The Chicago Manual of Style |chapter=14: Notes and Bibliography |publisher=University of Chicago Press |at=Section 171: Journal volume, issue, and date |isbn=9780226287058 |edition=17th |lccn=2017020712 |date=2017 |oclc=1055308068}}</ref> (in this case "17");
* The [[Periodical literature|issue]] preceded by "no."<ref name="vol" /> (in this case "no. 3");
* The year and, if specified, month, inside parentheses<ref name="vol" /> (in this case "(2015)");
* The page numbers, with notes listing the current reference's specific page number and bibliography entries listing the overall page range<ref>{{cite book |title=The Chicago Manual of Style |chapter=14: Notes and Bibliography |publisher=University of Chicago Press |at=Section 22: Page numbers and other locators |isbn=9780226287058 |edition=17th |lccn=2017020712 |date=2017 |oclc=1055308068}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Chicago Manual of Style |chapter=14: Notes and Bibliography |publisher=University of Chicago Press |at=Section 174: Journal page references |isbn=9780226287058 |edition=17th |lccn=2017020712 |date=2017 |oclc=1055308068}}</ref> (in this case "e62" since the example was published electronically without page numbers); and
* The [[digital object identifier]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Chicago Manual of Style |chapter=14: Notes and Bibliography |publisher=University of Chicago Press |at=Section 8: Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) |isbn=9780226287058 |edition=17th |lccn=2017020712 |date=2017 |oclc=1055308068}}</ref> (in this case "doi:10.2196/jmir.4069").