Editing Rusyn language (section)

=== Verbal conjugation ===
{{Missing information|section|Lemko and Subcarpathian conjugation|date=January 2022}}
Verbs may be divided into two major conjugation types, which may be identified based on the [[Marker (linguistics)|"stem-marker"]] that appears during conjugation. The [[infinitive]] verb forms are often ambiguous and as such, there is no ''general'' system that allows an infinitive to be identified as either Type I or Type II. Some infinitive suffixes, however, are unique to at least Type I, i.e. '''-ути''', '''-овати''', '''-нути''', etc. In the following sections, the stem-markers are given in Latin as Cyrillic often obscures the markers in the conjugated forms.{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=110}}

==== Conjugation type I ====
'''Type I''' may be divided into several sub-types, the most notable of which are the ''vowel+j'' stem-markers: '''-uj-''', '''-ij-''', '''-yj-''', etc. It is important to remember that in the infinitive and some conjugations that the consonant, '''-j-''', is truncated when followed by another consonant, e.g. ''бісїдув-aj-ty → бісїдув-a-ty''.{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=111}}

===== UJ stem markers =====
The '''-uj-''' set of verbs can be divided into two groups based the presence of the suffixal markers '''-ova-''' or '''-uj-''' in the infinitive. The former group representing the overwhelming majority of verbs in this type.{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=111}}
{|class=wikitable
|+Conjugation of Verbs with -UJ- Stem Marker{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=111-113}}
|-
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|-OVA-
!colspan="1"|-UTY
|-
!|Hard !! Soft !! Hard 
|-
!colspan="2" | Infinitive
| бісїд'''ова́'''ти || оно́вл'''ёва'''ти || ч'''ути''' 
|-
!rowspan="3"|Sg.
!1st Person (I)
| бісїду́ю || оно́влюю || чу́ю 
|-
!2nd Person (you)
| бісїду́єш || оно́влюєш || чу́єш 
|-
!3rd Person (he, she, it)
| бісїду́є || оно́влює || чу́є 
|- <!--------- PLURAL ------------>
!rowspan="3"|Pl.
!1st Person (we)
| бісїду́єме || оно́влюєме || чу́єме 
|-
!2nd Person (you all)
| бісїду́єте || оно́влюєте || чу́єте 
|-
!3rd Person (they)
| бісїду́ють || оно́влюють || чу́ють 
|-
!colspan="2"|English
|to speak
|to renew
|to hear
|}

===== IJ stem markers =====

Verbs with stem formant -IJ- are typically derived from adjectives and thus indicate the acquisition of a given property i.e. {{langx|rue|label=none|translit-std=BGN/PCGN|зеленый|zelenŷj|green}} → {{langx|rue|label=none|translit-std=BGN/PCGN|зеленї́ти|zelenjity|to (turn) green}}. In the infinitive, these verbs are ''identical'' to those of Conjugation II, Type I. However, these two types of verbs are conjugated differently.{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=114}}

{|class=wikitable
|+Conjugation of Verbs with -IJ- Stem Marker{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=114}}
|-
!colspan="2" | Infinitive
| зеленї́ти || молодїти
|-
!rowspan="3"|Sg.
!1st Person (I)
| зеленї́ю || молодїю
|-
!2nd Person (you)
| зеленї́єш || молодїєш
|-
!3rd Person (he, she, it)
| зеленї́є || молодїє
|- <!--------- PLURAL ------------>
!rowspan="3"|Pl.
!1st Person (we)
| зеленї́єме || молодїєме
|-
!2nd Person (you all)
| зеленї́єте || молодїєте
|-
!3rd Person (they)
| зеленї́ють || молодїють
|-
!colspan="2"|English
| to turn green
| to grow young
|}

===== YJ stem markers =====

There are very few verbs in this category, but the members that do belong to it, tend to be commonly used.{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=115}}

{|class=wikitable
|+Conjugation of Verbs with -YJ- Stem Marker{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=115}}
|-
!colspan="2" | Infinitive
| ви́ти || пи́ти{{efn | There are two conjugation schemes given in this table for the verb пити. The first is the codified variant; the second variant is found regularly in common speech.{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=115}}}}
|-
!rowspan="3"|Sg.
!1st Person (I)
| ви́ю || пи́ю, пю
|-
!2nd Person (you)
| ви́єш || пи́єш, пєш
|-
!3rd Person (he, she, it)
| ви́є || пи́є, пє
|- <!--------- PLURAL ------------>
!rowspan="3"|Pl.
!1st Person (we)
| ви́єме || пи́єме, пємє́
|-
!2nd Person (you all)
| виєте || пи́єте, пєтє́
|-
!3rd Person (they)
| виють || пи́ють, пють
|-
!colspan="2"|English
| to wind
| to drink
|}
{{notelist}}

===== ЫJ stem markers =====

This conjugation scheme works similarly to the previous one.{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=115-116}}

{|class=wikitable
|+Conjugation of Verbs with -ЫJ- Stem Marker{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=115-116}}
|-
!colspan="2" | Infinitive
| кры́ти || шы́ти
|-
!rowspan="3"|Sg.
!1st Person (I)
| кры́ю || шы́ю
|-
!2nd Person (you)
| кры́єш || шы́єш
|-
!3rd Person (he, she, it)
| кры́є || шы́є
|- <!--------- PLURAL ------------>
!rowspan="3"|Pl.
!1st Person (we)
| кры́єме || шы́єме
|-
!2nd Person (you all)
| кры́єте || шы́єте
|-
!3rd Person (they)
| кры́ють || шы́ють
|-
!colspan="2"|English
| to cover
| to sew
|}

===== AJ stem markers =====
The -AJ- stem type has variations within different Rusyn dialects and regions. In the Prešov Rusyn community, the -A(J)- type described below is the predominant conjugational pattern. However, in regions further east within Slovakia and in other Rusyn communities, a full-fledged "AJ" type conjugation exists, resembling the patterns found in the rest of East Slavic.

In the Prešov Rusyn community, the -A(J)- conjugation is recommended for the written system, while the -AJ- type is limited and occurs primarily with specific verb stems like "maj-", "znaj-", and "staj-". Both forms may coexist in speech and writing, but the "A(J)" type is more prevalent in the Prešov dialect.

In Lemko Rusyn, the conjugation system generally agrees with that of Prešov Rusyn; a fully-fledged -AJ- conjugation is limited to the third person singular of only three verb stems: "мати", "знати", and "познати". In Subcarpathian Rusyn, however, the -AJ- type is predominant, and the element "aj" can appear in all persons in the non-past paradigm.{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=118-120}}

====== A(J) stem markers ======

While this stem type follows a conjugation structure similar to other East Slavic languages, it is completely unique in that -j- (normally in the form of suffixes -ю, -єш, -є, -єме, -єте, -ют) is truncated—except for in the 3rd person plural. The absence of the connector vowel -e- in this conjugation type is a distinctive feature, likely influenced by West Slavic languages. The conjugational pattern is similar to other Slavic languages, particularly Slovak.{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=116-118}}

This stem type also includes verbs with the suffix -ывати, a suffix which is often found in imperfective verbs.{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=117}}

{|class=wikitable
|+Conjugation of Verbs with -A(J)- Stem Marker{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=116-118}}
|-
!colspan="2" rowspan="1"|
!colspan="2"|-ATY
!colspan="1"|-ЫVA-
|-
!colspan="2" | Infinitive
| чі́т'''а́ти''' || м'''а́ти''' || одкр'''ыва́'''ти
|-
!rowspan="3"|Sg.
!1st Person (I)
| чі́там  || мам  || одкры́вам
|-
!2nd Person (you)
| чі́таш  || маш  || одкры́ваш
|-
!3rd Person (he, she, it)
| чі́тать || мать || одкры́вать
|- <!--------- PLURAL ------------>
!rowspan="3"|Pl.
!1st Person (we)
| чіта́ме  || ма́ме  || одкрыва́ме
|-
!2nd Person (you all)
| чіта́те  || ма́те  || одкрыва́те
|-
!3rd Person (they)
| чіта́ють || ма́ють || одкрыва́ють
|-
!colspan="2"|English
| to read
| to have
| to discover
|}

===== AVA stem markers =====

This conjugation type is marked by the presence of -AVA- in the infinitive. The conjugation scheme for these verbs vacillates depending on local dialect: sometimes being conjugated as if they were of the previously-discussed -AJ- stem type. A comparison between the two different conjugation schemes is given in the table below. The -AJ- conjugation scheme is preferred by the Prešov standard.{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=120}}

{|class=wikitable
|+Conjugation of Verbs with -AVA- Stem Marker{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=120}}
|-
!colspan="2" rowspan="1"|
! -AVA- !! -AJ- !! -AVA- !! -AJ-
|-
!colspan="2" | Infinitive
| colspan="2" | дава́ти || colspan="2" | узнава́ти
|-
!rowspan="3"|Sg.
!1st Person (I)
| да́вам || даю́ || узна́вам || узнаю
|-
!2nd Person (you)
| даваш || даєш || узнаваш || узнаєш
|-
!3rd Person (he, she, it)
| давать || дає || узнавать || узнає
|- <!--------- PLURAL ------------>
!rowspan="3"|Pl.
!1st Person (we)
| даваме || даме || узнаваме || узнаме
|-
!2nd Person (you all)
| давате || дате || узнавате || узнате
|-
!3rd Person (they)
| давають || дають || узнавають || узнають
|-
!colspan="2"|English
| colspan="2" | to give || colspan="2" | 
|}

===== A stem markers =====
{|class=wikitable
|+Conjugation of Verbs with -A- Stem Marker{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=122}}
|-
!colspan="2" | Infinitive
| писа́ти || указа́ти || скака́ти || посла́ти || насы́пати
|-
!rowspan="3"|Sg.
!1st Person (I)
| пи́шу   || ука́жу   || ска́чу   || по́шлю   || насы́плю
|-
!2nd Person (you)
| пи́шеш  || ука́жеш  || ска́чеш  || по́шлеш  || насы́плеш
|-
!3rd Person (he, she, it)
| пи́ше   || ука́же   || ска́че   || по́шле   || насы́пле
|- <!--------- PLURAL ------------>
!rowspan="3"|Pl.
!1st Person (we)
| пи́шеме || ука́жеме || ска́чеме || по́шлеме || насы́племе
|-
!2nd Person (you all)
| пи́шете || ука́жете || ска́чете || по́шлете || насы́плете
|-
!3rd Person (they)
| пи́шуть || ука́жуть || ска́чуть || по́шлють || насы́плють
|-
!colspan="2"|English
| to write
| to show
| to hop or jump
| to send
| to strew
|}

===== NU stem markers =====
{|class=wikitable
|+Conjugation of Verbs with -NU- Stem Marker{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=123}}
|-
!colspan="2" | Infinitive
| верну́ти || привы́кнути
|-
!rowspan="3"|Sg.
!1st Person (I)
| ве́рну  || привы́кну
|-
!2nd Person (you)
| ве́рнеш || привы́кнеш
|-
!3rd Person (he, she, it)
| ве́рне  || привы́кне
|- <!--------- PLURAL ------------>
!rowspan="3"|Pl.
!1st Person (we)
| ве́рнеме || привы́кнеме
|-
!2nd Person (you all)
| ве́рнете || привы́кнете
|-
!3rd Person (they)
| ве́рнуть || привы́кнуть
|-
!colspan="2"|English
| to return || to become accustomed to
|}

===== Non-syllabic stem markers =====
{|class=wikitable
|+Conjugation of Verbs with Non-Syllabic Stem Markers{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=124-126}}
|-
!colspan="2" rowspan="1"|
!colspan="2" | CCV-ty > CVC- || CCV-ty > CVCC- || colspan="2" | CV-ty > CC- || CVC-ty > CC- || CCV-ty > CC-
|-
!colspan="2" | Infinitive
| colspan="1" | бра́ти || взяти́ || жа́ти || зачати́ || вы́няти || де́рти || рва́ти 
|-
!rowspan="3"|Sg.
!1st Person (I)
| беру́  || во́зьму  || жну  || за́чну  || вы́йму || дру || рву
|-
!2nd Person (you)
| бере́ш || во́зьмеш || жнеш || за́чнеш || вы́ймеш || дреш || рвеш
|-
!3rd Person (he, she, it)
| бере́  || во́зьме  || жне  || за́чне  || вы́йме || дре || рве
|- <!--------- PLURAL ------------>
!rowspan="3"|Pl.
!1st Person (we)
| бере́ме || во́зьмем  || жнеме́ || за́чнеме || вы́ймеме || дреме́ || рвеме́
|-
!2nd Person (you all)
| бере́те || во́зьмете || жнете́ || за́чнете || вы́ймете || дрете́ || рвете́
|-
!3rd Person (they)
| беру́ть || во́зьмуть || жнуть || за́чнуть || вы́ймуть || друть || рвуть
|-
!colspan="2"|English
| to take || to take || to reap || to begin || to draw or pull out || to thrash or whip || to tear 
|}

===== Consonant stems =====
{|class=wikitable
|+Conjugation of Verbs With Stems Ending in Consonants{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=125-129}}
|-
!colspan="2" | Infinitive
| не́сти || ве́сти || течі́ || мочі́ || іти́ || лячі́
|-
!rowspan="3"|Sg.
!1st Person (I)
| не́су  || ве́ду  || течу́  || мо́жу  || іду́  || ля́жу
|-
!2nd Person (you)
| не́сеш || ве́деш || тече́ш || мо́жеш || іде́ш || ля́жеш
|-
!3rd Person (he, she, it)
| не́се  || ве́де  || тече́  || мо́же  || іде́  || ля́же
|- <!--------- PLURAL ------------>
!rowspan="3"|Pl.
!1st Person (we)
| не́семе || ве́деме || течеме́ || мо́жеме || ідеме́ || ля́жеме
|-
!2nd Person (you all)
| не́сете || ве́дете || течете́ || мо́жете || ідете́ || ля́жете
|-
!3rd Person (they)
| не́суть || ве́дуть || течу́ть || мо́жуть || іду́ть || ля́жуть
|-
!colspan="2"|English
| to carry || to lead || to flow || to be able || to go || to lie down
|}

==== Conjugation type II ====

===== Y-type I =====
{|class=wikitable
|+Conjugation of Y(1) Type Verbs{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=129}}
|-
!colspan="2" | Infinitive
| говори́ти || пили́ти || глушы́ти
|-
!rowspan="3"|Sg.
!1st Person (I)
| гово́рю   || пи́лю   || глу́шу 
|-
!2nd Person (you)
| гово́риш  || пи́лиш  || глу́шыш
|-
!3rd Person (he, she, it)
| гово́рить || пи́лить || глу́шыть
|- <!--------- PLURAL ------------>
!rowspan="3"|Pl.
!1st Person (we)
| гово́риме || пилиме́ || глу́шыме <!-- in the book it is "глушым" but that seems to be a typo because in the next sentence after the table it is written "Cf. also [...], грі́шыме, which conjugate in the exact same way." -->
|-
!2nd Person (you all)
| гово́рите || пилите́ || глу́шыте
|-
!3rd Person (they)
| гово́рять || пиля́ть || глу́шать
|-
!colspan="2"|English
| to say or speak || to saw (wood) || to muffle, stifle or make quiet
|}

===== Y-type II =====
{|class=wikitable
|+Conjugation of Y(2) Type Verbs{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=133-134}}
|-
!colspan="2" | Infinitive
| вози́ти || гаси́ти || гати́ти || пусти́ти || ходи́ти
|-
!rowspan="3"|Sg.
!1st Person (I)
| во́жу   || га́шу   || га́чу   || пу́щу    || хо́джу
|-
!2nd Person (you)
| во́зиш  || га́сиш  || га́тиш  || пу́стиш  || хо́диш
|-
!3rd Person (he, she, it)
| во́зить || га́сить || га́тить || пу́стить || хо́дить
|- <!--------- PLURAL ------------>
!rowspan="3"|Pl.
!1st Person (we)
| во́зиме || га́симе || га́тиме || пу́стиме || хо́диме
|-
!2nd Person (you all)
| во́зите || га́сите || га́тите || пу́стите || хо́дите
|-
!3rd Person (they)
| во́зять || га́тять || га́тять || пу́стять || хо́дять
|-
!colspan="2"|English
| to take by vehicle || to put out or extinguish || to erect a dam or barrier || to admit or allow in || to go or walk
|}

===== I-type =====
{|class=wikitable
|+Conjugation of І-Type Verbs{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=132=133}}
|-
!colspan="2" | Infinitive
| трубі́ти || шелесті́ти || вертї́ти || летї́ти || свистї́ти
|-
!rowspan="3"|Sg.
!1st Person (I)
| трублю́  || шелещу́    || верчу   || лечу́   || сви́щу
|-
!2nd Person (you)
| труби́ш  || шелести́ш  || вертиш  || лети́ш  || сви́стиш
|-
!3rd Person (he, she, it)
| труби́ть || шелести́ть || вертить || лети́ть || сви́стить
|- <!--------- PLURAL ------------>
!rowspan="3"|Pl.
!1st Person (we)8
| трубиме́ || шелестиме́ || вертиме || летиме́ || свистиме́ 
|-
!2nd Person (you all)
| трубите́ || шелестите́ || вертите || летите́ || свистите́
|-
!3rd Person (they)
| трубля́ть|| шелестя́ть || вертять || летя́ть || свистя́ть
|-
!colspan="2"|English
| to trumpet || to rustle || to drill or turn || to fly || to whistle
|}

===== Palato-Alveolar Stems =====
{|class=wikitable
|+Conjugation of 'Palato-Alveolar'-А Verbs{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=133}}
|-
!colspan="2" | Infinitive
| бурча́ти || вереща́ти || лежа́ти || крича́ти || боя́ти ся || стоя́ти
|-
!rowspan="3"|Sg.
!1st Person (I)
| бурчу́   || вере́щу   || лежу́   || кричу́   || бою́ ся   || стою́
|-
!2nd Person (you)
| бурчі́ш  || вере́щіш  || лежы́ш  || кричі́ш  || бої́ш ся  || стої́ш
|-
!3rd Person (he, she, it)
| бурчі́ть || вере́щіть || лежы́ть || кричі́ть || бої́ть ся || стої́ть
|- <!--------- PLURAL ------------>
!rowspan="3"|Pl.
!1st Person (we)
| бурчі́ме || вере́щіме || лежыме́ || кричіме́ || боїме́ ся || стої́ме
|-
!2nd Person (you all)
| бурчі́те || вере́щіте || лежыте́ || кричіте́ || боїте́ ся || стої́те
|-
!3rd Person (they)
| бурча́ть || вере́щать || лежа́ть || крича́ть || боя́ть ся || стоя́ть
|-
!colspan="2"|English
| to mutter || to screech or squeal || to lie on something || to scream || to fear
|to stand
|}

==== Irregular Verbs ====
{|class=wikitable
|+Conjugation of Irregular Verbs{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=135}}
|-
!colspan="2" | Infinitive
| ї́сти || дати́ || бы́ти || пові́сти
|-
!rowspan="3"|Sg.
!1st Person (I)
| їм || дам || єм || пові́м
|-
!2nd Person (you)
| їш || даш || єсь || пові́ш
|-
!3rd Person (he, she, it)
| їсть || дасть || є || пові́сть
|- <!--------- PLURAL ------------>
!rowspan="3"|Pl.
!1st Person (we)
| їме́ || даме́ || сьме || повіме́
|-
!2nd Person (you all)
| їсте́ || дате́, дасте́ || сьте || повісте́
|-
!3rd Person (they)
| їдя́ть || даду́ть || суть || повідя́ть
|-
!colspan="2"|English
| to eat || to give || to be || to tell
|}