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Rusyn language

Article Discussion

Template:Short description Template:Distinguish Template:Redirect {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other

Rusyn (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Langx; Template:Langx)<ref name="auto">http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2781/1/2011BaptieMPhil-1.pdf Template:Webarchive, p. 8.</ref>Template:Sfn is an East Slavic language spoken by Rusyns in parts of Central and Eastern Europe, and written in the Cyrillic script.Template:Sfn The majority of speakers live in Carpathian Ruthenia, which includes Transcarpathia and parts of eastern Slovakia and south-eastern Poland.Template:Sfn There is also a sizeable Pannonian Rusyn linguistic island in Vojvodina, Serbia,Template:Sfn and a Rusyn diaspora worldwide.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, it is recognized as a protected minority language by Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Hungary, Romania, Poland (as Lemko), Serbia, and Slovakia.Template:Sfn

The categorization of Rusyn as a language or dialect is a source of controversy.Template:Sfn Czech, Slovak, and Hungarian, as well as American and some Polish and Serbian linguists treat it as a distinct language<ref>Bernard Comrie, "Slavic Languages," International Encyclopedia of Linguistics (1992, Oxford, Vol 3), pp. 452–456.
Ethnologue, 16th edition</ref>Template:Update inline (with its own ISO 639-3 code), whereas other scholars (in Ukraine, Poland, Serbia, and Romania) treat it as a dialect of Ukrainian.<ref>George Y. Shevelov, "Ukrainian," The Slavonic Languages, ed. Bernard Comrie and Greville G. Corbett (1993, Routledge), pp. 947–998.</ref>Template:Update inline Template:TOC limit

NameEdit

In the English language, the term Rusyn is recognized officially by the ISO.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Other names are sometimes also used to refer to the language, mainly deriving from exonyms such as Ruthenian or Ruthene (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell, Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell),<ref name="OED">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> that have more general meanings, and thus (by adding regional adjectives) some specific designations are formed, such as: Carpathian Ruthenian/Ruthene or Carpatho-Ruthenian/Ruthene.Template:Sfn

Within the Rusyn community, the language is also referred to as Template:Langx,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn or simply referred to as speaking our way (Template:Langx).Template:Sfn

ClassificationEdit

The classification of the Rusyn language has historically been both linguistically and politically controversial. During the 19th century, several questions were raised among linguists, regarding the classification of East Slavic dialects that were spoken in the northeastern (Carpathian) regions of the Kingdom of Hungary, and also in neighbouring regions of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. From those questions, three main theories emerged:Template:Sfn

  • Some linguists claimed that East Slavic dialects of the Carpathian region should be classified as specific varieties of the Russian language.
  • Other linguists argued that those dialects should be classified as western varieties of a distinctive Ukrainian language.
  • A third group claimed that those dialects are specific enough to be recognized as a distinctive East Slavic language.

In spite of these linguistic disputes, official terminology used by the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy that ruled the Carpathian region remained unchanged. For Austro-Hungarian state authorities, the entire East Slavic linguistic body within the borders of the Monarchy was classified as Ruthenian language (Template:Langx, Template:Langx), an archaic and exonymic term that remained in use until 1918.Template:Sfn

Geographic distributionEdit

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In terms of geographic distribution, Rusyn language is represented by two specific clusters: the first is encompassing Carpathian Rusyn or Carpatho-Rusyn varieties, and the second is represented by Pannonian Rusyn.Template:Sfn

Carpathian Rusyn is spoken in:

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Pannonian Rusyn is spoken by the Pannonian Rusyns in the region of Vojvodina (in Serbia), and in a nearby region of Slavonia (in Croatia).

VarietiesEdit

Template:AnchorCarpathian Rusyn varietiesEdit

Template:See also The main continuum of Rusyn varieties stretches from Transcarpathia and follows the Carpathian Mountains westward into South-Eastern Poland and Eastern Slovakia, forming an area referred to as Carpathian Ruthenia. As with any language, all three major varieties of Rusyn vary with respect to phonology, morphology, and syntax, and have various features unique to themselves, while of course also containing their own, more local sub-varieties. The continuum of Rusyn is agreed to include the varieties known historically as Lemko and Bojko, and is also generally accepted to end at or with the Hucul variety, which is "not included in the Rusyn continuum per se, but represent[s] a linguistic variant .. better seen as a dialect of Ukrainian". As the westernmost member of the family of East Slavic languages, it has also acquired a number of West Slavic features—unique to East Slavic languages—due to prolonged contact with the coterritorial languages of Polish and Slovak.Template:Sfn

Literary languagesEdit

Today, there are three formally codified Rusyn literary varieties and one de facto (Subcarpathian Rusyn). These varieties reflect the culmination of nearly two centuries of activist and academic labor, during which a literary Rusyn language was desired, discussed, and addressed (time and again) by a dedicated intelligentsia. Linguist Stefan M. Pugh notes, "...at every stage someone was thinking of writing in Rusyn; approximately every generation a grammar of some sort would be written but not find wide acceptance, primarily for reasons of a political nature (and of course logistical practicalities)."Template:Sfn

Some of these earlier grammars include those by Dmytrij VyslockijTemplate:Efn (Karpatorusskij bukvar'Template:Efn),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Vanja Hunjanky (1931), Metodyj Trochanovskij (Bukvar: Perša knyžečka dlja narodnıx škol;Template:Efn 1935),<ref>Template:Cite book </ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and Ivan Harajda (1941).Template:Sfn Harajda's grammar is particularly notable for having arrived in the midst of a five-year linguistic fervor for Carpatho-Rusyn. From 1939 through 1944 an estimated 1,500 to 3,000 Rusyn-language publications (mostly centered around Uzhhorod, Ukraine) entered print and from 1941 onward, Harajda's grammar was the accepted standard.

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Prešov RusynEdit

In Slovakia, the Prešov literary variety has been under continuous codification since 1995<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> when first published by Vasyl Jabur, Anna Plíšková and Kvetoslava Koporová.Template:Citation needed Its namesakes are both the city and region of Prešov, Slovakia—historically, each have been respective centers for Rusyn academia and the Rusyn population of Slovakia.

Prešov Rusyn was based on varieties of Rusyn found in a relatively compact area within the Prešov Region. Specifically, the variety is based on the language spoken in the area between the West Zemplin and East Zemplin Rusyn dialects (even more specifically: a line along the towns and villages of Osadne, Hostovice, Parihuzovce, Čukalovce, Pcoline, Pichne, Nechvalova Polianka, Zubne, Nizna Jablonka, Vysna Jablonka, Svetlice, and Zbojne). And though the many Rusyn dialects of Slovakia entirely surpass the limited set of features prescribed in the standard, this comparatively small sample size was consciously chosen by codifiers in order to provide a structured ecosystem within which a variety of written and spoken language would inevitably (and already did) thrive.Template:Sfn

Its orthography is largely based on Zhelekhivka,Template:Citation needed a late 19th century variety of the Ukrainian alphabet.

Lemko-RusynEdit

File:Oholoshennia.jpg
An announcement at the Orthodox Church of St. Volodymyr in Lemko-Rusyn language and Polish in Krynica-Zdrój, Poland

In Poland, a standard Lemko-Rusyn grammar and dictionary, Template:Langx (Template:Langx), was published in 2000 by Mirosława Chomiak and Template:Ill, with a second edition issued in 2004.Template:Sfn<ref>http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2781/1/2011BaptieMPhil-1.pdf Template:Webarchive, p. 52.</ref>

Subcarpathian RusynEdit

In Transcarpathia, Ukraine, M. Almašij's and Igor Kerča's Template:Langx, serves as the de facto literary standard for Subcarpathian, though "unofficial". Published in 1999, with a second edition in 2004, and a 58,000 word Rusyn-Russian dictionary in 2007, Kerča's work has been used by prominent Rusyn publishers in Uzhhorod—albeit with variations between published works that are typical of the spoken language.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Common usageEdit

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Despite the above codified varieties, many Carpatho-Rusyn publications will use a combination of the three Carpathian standards (most notably in Hungary and in Transcarpathia). There have even attempts to revitalize the pre-war etymological orthography with archaic Cyrillic orthography (i.e. usage of the letter ѣ, or yat'); the latter can be observed throughout Rusyn Wikipedia, where even a single article may be written in several different codified varieties. And while somewhat archaic, used of Harajda's grammar is even promoted by some in Rusyn Wikipedia (although parts of the articles are written using other standards).

Pannonian RusynEdit

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Pannonian Rusyn, has variously been referred to as an incredibly distinct dialect of Carpathian Rusyn or a separate language altogether. In the ISO 639-9 identifier application for Pannonian Rusyn (or "Ruthenian" as it is referred to in that document), the authors note that "Ruthenian is closest to [a] linguistic entity sometimes called [ Template:Langx, Template:Langx ],Template:Efn-lr ... (the speeches of Trebišov and Prešov [districts])."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Literary languageEdit

The literary variety of Serbian and Croatian Rusyns is, again, significantly different from the above three Carpathian varieties in both vocabulary and grammar.Template:Citation needed It was first standardized in 1923 by G. Kostelnik.Template:Citation needed The modern standard has been continuously developed since the 1980s by Julian Ramač, Helena Međeši and Mihajlo Fejsa of Serbia, and Mihály Káprály of Hungary.Template:Citation needed

HistoryEdit

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The Niagovo Postilla (Njagovskie poučenija), dated to 1758, is one of the earliest texts possessing significant phonetic and morphological characteristics of modern Rusyn (specifically the Subcarpathian variant) and is potentially "linguistically traceable" to the 16th century.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

By the 18th century, the Rusyn language was "clearly in evidence" and "quite recognizable in a more systematic fashion".Template:Sfn

The first books produced exclusively for Rusyn readership were printed under the direction of bishop of Mukachevo, Joseph Decamillis (r. 1690 – 1706). Under his direction, the printshop at the University of Trnava published a catechism (Katekhisis dlia naouki Ouhorouskim liudem, 1698) and an elementary language primer (Boukvar’ iazyka slaven’ska, 1699). For decades, these would be the only textbooks available to Rusyn students.Template:Sfn

Later, in 1767 Maria Theresa's Urbarium was published throughout the Habsburg Empire in a variety of languages, including Rusyn.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Finally, under Bishop Andriy Bachynskyi's tenure (r. 1773 – 1809) in the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo, new texts for Rusyn student readership were published. These several editions of Ioann Kutka's primer and catechism were published in Rusyn vernacular, though with heavy influence from Church Slavonic.Template:Sfn

19th centuryEdit

By the 19th century, "attempts to write in a form of Russo-Church Slavonic with a Rusyn flavor, or a type of 'Subcarpathian Russian' with Rusyn phonetic features," began to be made. Notably, Myxajlo Lučkaj's grammar of the Subcarpathian variety of Church Slavonic, Grammatica Slavo-Ruthena, of 1830 had a "distinctly Rusyn flavor". And while Lučkaj did not support use of vernacular as a literary language (commenting on the proper usage of either Template:Langx in his Praefatio), he did include examples of "Rusyn paradigms" in his work to attempt demonstrate its similarity to Church Slavonic. Lučkaj in effect sought to prove the two languages were close sisters of a common ancestor.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In 1847, Greek Catholic priest Alexander Dukhnovych published the first textbook written almost fully in common Rusyn vernacular, Knyzhytsia chytalnaia dlia nachynaiushchykh (A Reader for Beginners).Template:Sfn Further editions of the primer followed in 1850 and 1852, as well as the establishment of "the first Carpatho-Rusyn cultural organization", the Prešov Literary Society, in 1850. Over the next four years of its existence, the Society would go on to publish a further 12 works, including Dukhnovych's Virtue is More Important than Riches (the very first play written in Carpatho-Rusyn), as well Carpatho-Rusyn's first literary anthologies in 1850, 1851, and 1852, titled Greetings to the Rusyns.Template:Sfn

20th centuryEdit

After the dissolution of Austria-Hungary (1918), the newly proclaimed Hungarian Republic recognized Rusyn regional autonomy in Subcarpathian regions and created, at the beginning of 1919, a department for Rusyn language and literature at the Budapest University.Template:Sfn

File:Lemko, issue 209, year 1938, page 1.jpg
Lemko newspaper issued in Lviv, (no 209), from year 1938, with typical Rusyn language features: separation of reflexive pronoun (ся) and words лем, што, котры, уж.

By the end of 1919, the region of Subcarpathian Ruthenia was appended to the newly formed Czechoslovak state, as its easternmost province. During the next twenty years, linguistic debates were continued between the same three options (pro-Russian, pro-Ukrainian, and local Rusyn), with Czechoslovak state authorities occasionally acting as arbiters.Template:Sfn

In March 1939, the region proclaimed independence under the name Carpatho-Ukraine, but it was immediately occupied and annexed by Hungary. The region was later occupied (1944) and annexed (1945) by the Soviet Union, and incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR,Template:Sfn which proceeded with implementation of Ukrainian linguistic standards. In Soviet Ukraine, Rusyns were not recognized as a distinctive ethnicity, and their language was considered a dialect of Ukrainian language. Poland employed similar policies,Template:Sfn using internal deportations to move many Eastern Slavs from southeastern to newly acquired western regions (Operation Vistula),Template:Sfn and switch their language to Polish, and Ukrainian at school.

During that period, the only country that was officially recognizing the Rusyn minority and its language was Yugoslavia.Template:Sfn

Post-Soviet developmentsEdit

File:Vojvodina rusyn croatian czech map.png
Official usage of Pannonian Rusyn in Vojvodina, Serbia

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, modern standards of minority rights were gradually applied throughout Eastern Europe, thus affecting the attitude of several states towards the Rusyn language. As successors of Yugoslavia, Serbia and Croatia continued to recognize the Rusyn language as an official minority language.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Scholars with the former Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies in Moscow (now the Institute of Slavonic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences) formally acknowledged Rusyn as a separate language in 1992, and trained specialists to study the language.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> These studies were financially supported by the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Since 1995, Rusyn has been recognized as a minority language in Slovakia, enjoying the status of an official language in municipalities where more than 20 percent of the inhabitants speak Rusyn.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Contemporary statusEdit

Ukrainian state authorities do not recognize Rusyns as a separate ethnicity, regardless of Rusyn self-identification. Ukraine officially considered Rusyn a dialect of Ukrainian. In 2012, Ukraine adopted a new law, recognizing Rusyn as one of several minority and regional languages, but that law was revoked in 2014.Template:Sfn

Rusyn is recognized as an officially protected, minority language by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in Bosnia and Herzegovina (2011), Croatia (1997), Hungary (1998), Romania (2008), Poland (as Lemko, 2009), Serbia (2006), and Slovakia (2002).Template:Sfn

It is not possible to estimate accurately the number of fluent speakers of Rusyn; however, their number is estimated to be in the tens of thousands.Template:Citation needed

ISO 639-9 IdentifiersEdit

Template:Transcluded section The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has assigned the ISO 639-3 code 'rue' for Carpathian Rusyn.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

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PhonologyEdit

ConsonantsEdit

Labial Dental/
Alveolar 		Post-
alveolar 		Velar Glottal
hard soft hard soft
Nasal Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Stop voiceless Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
voiced Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Affricate voiceless Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
voiced Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Fricative voiceless Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link) Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
voiced Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link)
Rhotic Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Approximant lateral Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
central (Template:IPA link)Template:Efn Template:IPA link

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A soft consonant combination sound [{{#invoke:IPA|main}}] exists more among the northern and western dialects. In the eastern dialects the sound is recognized as [{{#invoke:IPA|main}}], including the area on which the standard dialect is based. It is noted that a combination sound like this one, could have evolved into a soft fricative sound [{{#invoke:IPA|main}}].Template:Sfn

VowelsEdit

Front Central Back
Close Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Mid Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Open Template:IPA link

GrammarEdit

Noun declensionEdit

Template:Missing information Declension in Rusyn is based on grammatical number, gender, and case. Like English, only two types of grammatical number are expressed: singular and plural. And like other Slavic languages, Rusyn has three grammatical genders: feminine, masculine, and neuter. Furthermore, like those languages, Rusyn uses a seven-case system of nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, locative, instrumental, and vocative cases.Template:Sfn

One final point of note is that the masculine gender (and only the masculine gender) is further subdivided into animate and inanimate types. While there are no suffixes specific to animacy, declension between the two differs in that for animates, the form of the accusative case copies that of the genitive case.Template:Sfn

Grammatical casesEdit

As mentioned in the preceding section, Rusyn cases are similar to those of other Slavic languages. A very general summary of usage is given in the table below, though proper usage depends on a particular situation, prepositions, and verbs used, as well as other extenuating circumstances.Template:Sfn

Cases in Rusyn
Full name (Rusyn) Case General Usage
номінатів nominative Subjects
акузатів accusative Direct objects
ґенітів genitive Possession or belonging (i.e. "of" or English possessive suffix -'s)
датів dative Indirect objects (i.e. "to" or "for")
локал locative Concerning location. Only used with prepositions such as "in", "on", etc.
інштрументал instrumental Concerning "means by which".
вокатів vocative Used to address another.

Nouns will generally decline differently to indicate each case (e.g. English they/them/their/theirs). Based on how they decline, nouns can be grouped into one of four "types".

  • Type I: feminine nouns ending in -а/-я in the nominative singular
  • Type II:
    • masculine nouns ending in a consonant in the nominative singular
    • neuter and masculine nouns ending in a consonant or -o in the nominative singular
    • neuters ending in -e or -а/-я in the nominative singular
  • Type III:
  • Type IV: neuter nouns ending in -а/-я in the nominative singular

Declension type I: feminines ending in -а/-яEdit

This type consists of grammatically feminine nouns ending in -а (hard) or -я (soft) in the nominative case. The table below includes four examples of such nouns. The first two represent the archetypal feminine paradigm, while the second two represent a "common" or "two-fold gender" paradigm.

It is important to note that this second paradigm has atypical dative, locative, and instrumental singular suffixes which are actually representative of the male/neuter declension paradigm (visible later in this article). According to Pugh, this peculiarity developed as a result of the societal roles of "judge" and "elder" being traditionally patriarchal. This phenomenon is in contrast to grammatically feminine nouns of ambiguous gender where a particular role was not historically male-oriented, such as Template:Langx. In these cases, the typical feminine paradigm is maintained.Template:Sfn

Feminine Nouns Ending in -а/-я in the Nominative SingularTemplate:Sfn
Archetypal Feminine Common/Two-Fold Gender
Hard Soft Hard Soft
Sg. Nominative школа земля староста судця
Accusative школу землю старосту судцю
Genitive школы землї старосты судцї
Dative школї землї старостови судцёви
Locative школї земли старостови судцёви
Instrumental школовTemplate:Efn землёвTemplate:Efn старостов
старостом		 судцём
Vocative школо землё старосто судцё
Pl. Nominative школы землї старостове
старосты		 судцёве
судцї
Accusative школы землї старостів судцїв
Genitive школ земль старост
старостів		 судцїв
Dative школам землям старостам
старостім		 судцям
судцїм
Locative школам землях старостах
старостох		 судцях
Instrumental школами землями старостами судцями
English school earth elder judge

Template:Notelist

Declension type II: masculines and neutersEdit

This declension type encompasses a very large set of vocabulary as it contains nouns of both masculine and neuter genders, hard and soft stems, as well as animate and inanimate beings (for the masculine gender).Template:Sfn

Masculines ending in consonantsEdit

This declension contains a large amount of identical forms (syncretism) between cases. Depending on the noun, the number of distinct forms may number from as few as 3 to as many as 6. For singular animate nouns, there is a single form for the accusative and genitive cases, as well as a single form for the dative and locative cases. Similarly, singular inanimate nouns share a form for nominative and locative cases.Template:Sfn

Masculine Nouns Ending in a Consonant in the Nominative SingularTemplate:Sfn
Animate Inanimate
Hard Soft Hard Soft
Sg. Nominative сын учітель стіл край
Accusative сына учітеля
GenitiveTemplate:EfnTemplate:Sfn стола краю
Dative сынови учітелёви столу краю
Locative столї краю
Instrumental сыном учітелём стілом краём
Vocative сыну учітелю столе краю
Pl. Nominative сынове учітелї столы краї
Accusative сынів учітелїв столы краї
Genitive сынів учітелїв столів країв
Dative сынам
сынім 		учітелям
учітелїм 		столам
столім 		краям
країм
Locative сынох
сынах 		учітелях
учітелёх 		столох
столах 		краях
краёх
Instrumental сынами учітелями столами краями
English son teacher table area, region

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Neuters or masculines ending in -o, neuters ending in -e or -а/-яEdit

The following table demonstrates the declension paradigm for nouns with hard stems which end in -o in the nominative case. Though there are some masculine nouns in this category, these nouns are predominantly neuter.

Neuter or Masculine Nouns (with Hard Stems) Ending in -o in the Nominative SingularTemplate:Sfn
Masculine Neuter
Inanimate Animate
Sg. Nominative домиско дїдо село
Accusative домиско дїдаTemplate:Efn село
Genitive домиска дїда села
Dative домиску дїдови селу
LocativeTemplate:Efn домиску дїдови селї
Instrumental домиском дїдом селом
Vocative домиско дїду село
Pl. Nominative домиска дїдове села
Accusative домиска дїдів села
Genitive домиск дїдів сел
Dative домискам дїдам селам
Locative домисках/

домискох

дїдах/

дїдох

селах
Instrumental домисками дїдами селами
English large house, building grandfather village

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Neuter Nouns (with Soft Stems) Ending in -e and -а/-я in the Nominative SingularTemplate:Sfn
Soft in Nominative Hard in NominativeTemplate:Efn
Sg. Nominative условіє значіняTemplate:Efn поле сердце
Accusative условіє значіня поле сердце
Genitive условія значіня поля сердця
Dative условію значіню полю сердцю
Locative условію
условії		 значіню
значінї		 полю
полї		 сердцю
сердцї
Instrumental условіём значінём полём сердцём
Pl. Nominative условія значіня поля сердця
Accusative условія значіня поля сердця
Genitive условій значінь поль сердець
сердць
Dative условіям значіням полям сердцям
Locative условіях значінях полях сердцях
Instrumental условіями значінями полями сердцями
English condition meaning field heart

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Declension type III: other femininesEdit

All nouns in this type are feminine. The paradigm can be identified by the following suffixes in the nominative singular case: a paired consonant (-cons.+ь),Template:Efn-lr an unpaired palato-alveolar consonant (-ш, -ч, щ, -ж, or -дж),Template:Efn-lr or the suffix -ов. Additionally, the noun Template:Langx is also part of this type.

Feminine Nouns Ending in a Consonant and 'Mati'Template:Sfn
Paired Cons. Palato-Alveolar Cons. -ов мати
Sg. Nominative тїнь ніч мыш церков мати/ матїрь
Accusative тїнь ніч мыш церков матїрь
Genitive тїни ночі мышы церкви матери
Dative тїни ночі мыші церкви матери
Locative тїни ночі мыші церкви матери
InstrumentalTemplate:Efn тїнёв ночов мышов церковлёв матїрёв
Pl. Nominative тїни ночі мышы церкви матери
Accusative тїни ночі мышы церкви матери
Genitive тїней ночей мышей церквей матерей
Dative тїням ночам мышам церквам матерям
Locative тїнях ночах мышах церквах матерях
Instrumental тїнями ночами мышами церквами матерями
English shadow night mouse church mother

Template:Notelist

Declension type IV: neuters ending in -а/-яEdit

This declension paradigm is used very rarely. It entirely consists of grammatically neuter nouns. This paradigm can be identified by the -a suffix in the nominative and accusative cases, as well as the appearance of the affix -t- between the stem and suffix in other cases. There is no variation in this paradigm: all nouns decline in an identical manner.Template:Sfn

Type IV is predominantly made up of words referring to the young of animals and humans. However, this should not be taken as a hard rule as some nouns which historically declined differently (e.g. Template:Langx and Template:Langx), now decline according to this paradigm instead.Template:Sfn

Neuter Nouns Ending in -a and -яTemplate:Sfn
Sg. Nominative гуся гача вымя/ вымня
Accusative гуся гача вымя/ вымня
Genitive гусяти гачати вымяти/ вымняти
Dative гусяти гачати вымяти/ вымняти
Locative гусяти гачати вымяти/ вымняти
Instrumental гусятём гачатём вымятём/ вымнятём
Pl. Nominative гусята гачата вымята/ вымнята
Accusative гусята гачата вымята/ вымнята
Genitive гусята гачата вымята/ вымнята
Dative гусятам гачатам вымятам/ вымнятам
Locative гусятах гачатах вымятах/ вымнятах
Instrumental гусятами гачатами вымятами/ вымнятами
English gosling colt, foal udder

Template:Notelist

Verbal conjugationEdit

Template:Missing information Verbs may be divided into two major conjugation types, which may be identified based on the "stem-marker" that appears during conjugation. The infinitive verb forms are often ambiguous and as such, there is no general system that allows an infinitive to be identified as either Type I or Type II. Some infinitive suffixes, however, are unique to at least Type I, i.e. -ути, -овати, -нути, etc. In the following sections, the stem-markers are given in Latin as Cyrillic often obscures the markers in the conjugated forms.Template:Sfn

Conjugation type IEdit

Type I may be divided into several sub-types, the most notable of which are the vowel+j stem-markers: -uj-, -ij-, -yj-, etc. It is important to remember that in the infinitive and some conjugations that the consonant, -j-, is truncated when followed by another consonant, e.g. бісїдув-aj-ty → бісїдув-a-ty.Template:Sfn

UJ stem markersEdit

The -uj- set of verbs can be divided into two groups based the presence of the suffixal markers -ova- or -uj- in the infinitive. The former group representing the overwhelming majority of verbs in this type.Template:Sfn

Conjugation of Verbs with -UJ- Stem MarkerTemplate:Sfn
-OVA- -UTY
Hard Soft Hard
Infinitive бісїдова́ти оно́влёвати чути
Sg. 1st Person (I) бісїду́ю оно́влюю чу́ю
2nd Person (you) бісїду́єш оно́влюєш чу́єш
3rd Person (he, she, it) бісїду́є оно́влює чу́є
Pl. 1st Person (we) бісїду́єме оно́влюєме чу́єме
2nd Person (you all) бісїду́єте оно́влюєте чу́єте
3rd Person (they) бісїду́ють оно́влюють чу́ють
English to speak to renew to hear
IJ stem markersEdit

Verbs with stem formant -IJ- are typically derived from adjectives and thus indicate the acquisition of a given property i.e. Template:Langx → Template:Langx. In the infinitive, these verbs are identical to those of Conjugation II, Type I. However, these two types of verbs are conjugated differently.Template:Sfn

Conjugation of Verbs with -IJ- Stem MarkerTemplate:Sfn
Infinitive зеленї́ти молодїти
Sg. 1st Person (I) зеленї́ю молодїю
2nd Person (you) зеленї́єш молодїєш
3rd Person (he, she, it) зеленї́є молодїє
Pl. 1st Person (we) зеленї́єме молодїєме
2nd Person (you all) зеленї́єте молодїєте
3rd Person (they) зеленї́ють молодїють
English to turn green to grow young
YJ stem markersEdit

There are very few verbs in this category, but the members that do belong to it, tend to be commonly used.Template:Sfn

Conjugation of Verbs with -YJ- Stem MarkerTemplate:Sfn
Infinitive ви́ти пи́тиTemplate:Efn
Sg. 1st Person (I) ви́ю пи́ю, пю
2nd Person (you) ви́єш пи́єш, пєш
3rd Person (he, she, it) ви́є пи́є, пє
Pl. 1st Person (we) ви́єме пи́єме, пємє́
2nd Person (you all) виєте пи́єте, пєтє́
3rd Person (they) виють пи́ють, пють
English to wind to drink

Template:Notelist

ЫJ stem markersEdit

This conjugation scheme works similarly to the previous one.Template:Sfn

Conjugation of Verbs with -ЫJ- Stem MarkerTemplate:Sfn
Infinitive кры́ти шы́ти
Sg. 1st Person (I) кры́ю шы́ю
2nd Person (you) кры́єш шы́єш
3rd Person (he, she, it) кры́є шы́є
Pl. 1st Person (we) кры́єме шы́єме
2nd Person (you all) кры́єте шы́єте
3rd Person (they) кры́ють шы́ють
English to cover to sew
AJ stem markersEdit

The -AJ- stem type has variations within different Rusyn dialects and regions. In the Prešov Rusyn community, the -A(J)- type described below is the predominant conjugational pattern. However, in regions further east within Slovakia and in other Rusyn communities, a full-fledged "AJ" type conjugation exists, resembling the patterns found in the rest of East Slavic.

In the Prešov Rusyn community, the -A(J)- conjugation is recommended for the written system, while the -AJ- type is limited and occurs primarily with specific verb stems like "maj-", "znaj-", and "staj-". Both forms may coexist in speech and writing, but the "A(J)" type is more prevalent in the Prešov dialect.

In Lemko Rusyn, the conjugation system generally agrees with that of Prešov Rusyn; a fully-fledged -AJ- conjugation is limited to the third person singular of only three verb stems: "мати", "знати", and "познати". In Subcarpathian Rusyn, however, the -AJ- type is predominant, and the element "aj" can appear in all persons in the non-past paradigm.Template:Sfn

A(J) stem markersEdit

While this stem type follows a conjugation structure similar to other East Slavic languages, it is completely unique in that -j- (normally in the form of suffixes -ю, -єш, -є, -єме, -єте, -ют) is truncated—except for in the 3rd person plural. The absence of the connector vowel -e- in this conjugation type is a distinctive feature, likely influenced by West Slavic languages. The conjugational pattern is similar to other Slavic languages, particularly Slovak.Template:Sfn

This stem type also includes verbs with the suffix -ывати, a suffix which is often found in imperfective verbs.Template:Sfn

Conjugation of Verbs with -A(J)- Stem MarkerTemplate:Sfn
-ATY -ЫVA-
Infinitive чі́та́ти ма́ти одкрыва́ти
Sg. 1st Person (I) чі́там мам одкры́вам
2nd Person (you) чі́таш маш одкры́ваш
3rd Person (he, she, it) чі́тать мать одкры́вать
Pl. 1st Person (we) чіта́ме ма́ме одкрыва́ме
2nd Person (you all) чіта́те ма́те одкрыва́те
3rd Person (they) чіта́ють ма́ють одкрыва́ють
English to read to have to discover
AVA stem markersEdit

This conjugation type is marked by the presence of -AVA- in the infinitive. The conjugation scheme for these verbs vacillates depending on local dialect: sometimes being conjugated as if they were of the previously-discussed -AJ- stem type. A comparison between the two different conjugation schemes is given in the table below. The -AJ- conjugation scheme is preferred by the Prešov standard.Template:Sfn

Conjugation of Verbs with -AVA- Stem MarkerTemplate:Sfn
-AVA- -AJ- -AVA- -AJ-
Infinitive дава́ти узнава́ти
Sg. 1st Person (I) да́вам даю́ узна́вам узнаю
2nd Person (you) даваш даєш узнаваш узнаєш
3rd Person (he, she, it) давать дає узнавать узнає
Pl. 1st Person (we) даваме даме узнаваме узнаме
2nd Person (you all) давате дате узнавате узнате
3rd Person (they) давають дають узнавають узнають
English to give
A stem markersEdit
Conjugation of Verbs with -A- Stem MarkerTemplate:Sfn
Infinitive писа́ти указа́ти скака́ти посла́ти насы́пати
Sg. 1st Person (I) пи́шу ука́жу ска́чу по́шлю насы́плю
2nd Person (you) пи́шеш ука́жеш ска́чеш по́шлеш насы́плеш
3rd Person (he, she, it) пи́ше ука́же ска́че по́шле насы́пле
Pl. 1st Person (we) пи́шеме ука́жеме ска́чеме по́шлеме насы́племе
2nd Person (you all) пи́шете ука́жете ска́чете по́шлете насы́плете
3rd Person (they) пи́шуть ука́жуть ска́чуть по́шлють насы́плють
English to write to show to hop or jump to send to strew
NU stem markersEdit
Conjugation of Verbs with -NU- Stem MarkerTemplate:Sfn
Infinitive верну́ти привы́кнути
Sg. 1st Person (I) ве́рну привы́кну
2nd Person (you) ве́рнеш привы́кнеш
3rd Person (he, she, it) ве́рне привы́кне
Pl. 1st Person (we) ве́рнеме привы́кнеме
2nd Person (you all) ве́рнете привы́кнете
3rd Person (they) ве́рнуть привы́кнуть
English to return to become accustomed to
Non-syllabic stem markersEdit
Conjugation of Verbs with Non-Syllabic Stem MarkersTemplate:Sfn
CCV-ty > CVC- CCV-ty > CVCC- CV-ty > CC- CVC-ty > CC- CCV-ty > CC-
Infinitive бра́ти взяти́ жа́ти зачати́ вы́няти де́рти рва́ти
Sg. 1st Person (I) беру́ во́зьму жну за́чну вы́йму дру рву
2nd Person (you) бере́ш во́зьмеш жнеш за́чнеш вы́ймеш дреш рвеш
3rd Person (he, she, it) бере́ во́зьме жне за́чне вы́йме дре рве
Pl. 1st Person (we) бере́ме во́зьмем жнеме́ за́чнеме вы́ймеме дреме́ рвеме́
2nd Person (you all) бере́те во́зьмете жнете́ за́чнете вы́ймете дрете́ рвете́
3rd Person (they) беру́ть во́зьмуть жнуть за́чнуть вы́ймуть друть рвуть
English to take to take to reap to begin to draw or pull out to thrash or whip to tear
Consonant stemsEdit
Conjugation of Verbs With Stems Ending in ConsonantsTemplate:Sfn
Infinitive не́сти ве́сти течі́ мочі́ іти́ лячі́
Sg. 1st Person (I) не́су ве́ду течу́ мо́жу іду́ ля́жу
2nd Person (you) не́сеш ве́деш тече́ш мо́жеш іде́ш ля́жеш
3rd Person (he, she, it) не́се ве́де тече́ мо́же іде́ ля́же
Pl. 1st Person (we) не́семе ве́деме течеме́ мо́жеме ідеме́ ля́жеме
2nd Person (you all) не́сете ве́дете течете́ мо́жете ідете́ ля́жете
3rd Person (they) не́суть ве́дуть течу́ть мо́жуть іду́ть ля́жуть
English to carry to lead to flow to be able to go to lie down

Conjugation type IIEdit

Y-type IEdit
Conjugation of Y(1) Type VerbsTemplate:Sfn
Infinitive говори́ти пили́ти глушы́ти
Sg. 1st Person (I) гово́рю пи́лю глу́шу
2nd Person (you) гово́риш пи́лиш глу́шыш
3rd Person (he, she, it) гово́рить пи́лить глу́шыть
Pl. 1st Person (we) гово́риме пилиме́ глу́шыме
2nd Person (you all) гово́рите пилите́ глу́шыте
3rd Person (they) гово́рять пиля́ть глу́шать
English to say or speak to saw (wood) to muffle, stifle or make quiet
Y-type IIEdit
Conjugation of Y(2) Type VerbsTemplate:Sfn
Infinitive вози́ти гаси́ти гати́ти пусти́ти ходи́ти
Sg. 1st Person (I) во́жу га́шу га́чу пу́щу хо́джу
2nd Person (you) во́зиш га́сиш га́тиш пу́стиш хо́диш
3rd Person (he, she, it) во́зить га́сить га́тить пу́стить хо́дить
Pl. 1st Person (we) во́зиме га́симе га́тиме пу́стиме хо́диме
2nd Person (you all) во́зите га́сите га́тите пу́стите хо́дите
3rd Person (they) во́зять га́тять га́тять пу́стять хо́дять
English to take by vehicle to put out or extinguish to erect a dam or barrier to admit or allow in to go or walk
I-typeEdit
Conjugation of І-Type VerbsTemplate:Sfn
Infinitive трубі́ти шелесті́ти вертї́ти летї́ти свистї́ти
Sg. 1st Person (I) трублю́ шелещу́ верчу лечу́ сви́щу
2nd Person (you) труби́ш шелести́ш вертиш лети́ш сви́стиш
3rd Person (he, she, it) труби́ть шелести́ть вертить лети́ть сви́стить
Pl. 1st Person (we)8 трубиме́ шелестиме́ вертиме летиме́ свистиме́
2nd Person (you all) трубите́ шелестите́ вертите летите́ свистите́
3rd Person (they) трубля́ть шелестя́ть вертять летя́ть свистя́ть
English to trumpet to rustle to drill or turn to fly to whistle
Palato-Alveolar StemsEdit
Conjugation of 'Palato-Alveolar'-А VerbsTemplate:Sfn
Infinitive бурча́ти вереща́ти лежа́ти крича́ти боя́ти ся стоя́ти
Sg. 1st Person (I) бурчу́ вере́щу лежу́ кричу́ бою́ ся стою́
2nd Person (you) бурчі́ш вере́щіш лежы́ш кричі́ш бої́ш ся стої́ш
3rd Person (he, she, it) бурчі́ть вере́щіть лежы́ть кричі́ть бої́ть ся стої́ть
Pl. 1st Person (we) бурчі́ме вере́щіме лежыме́ кричіме́ боїме́ ся стої́ме
2nd Person (you all) бурчі́те вере́щіте лежыте́ кричіте́ боїте́ ся стої́те
3rd Person (they) бурча́ть вере́щать лежа́ть крича́ть боя́ть ся стоя́ть
English to mutter to screech or squeal to lie on something to scream to fear to stand

Irregular VerbsEdit

Conjugation of Irregular VerbsTemplate:Sfn
Infinitive ї́сти дати́ бы́ти пові́сти
Sg. 1st Person (I) їм дам єм пові́м
2nd Person (you) їш даш єсь пові́ш
3rd Person (he, she, it) їсть дасть є пові́сть
Pl. 1st Person (we) їме́ даме́ сьме повіме́
2nd Person (you all) їсте́ дате́, дасте́ сьте повісте́
3rd Person (they) їдя́ть даду́ть суть повідя́ть
English to eat to give to be to tell

Template:Anchor OrthographyEdit

Each of the Rusyn standard varieties has its own Cyrillic alphabet. The table below shows the Rusyn alphabet of the Prešov Standard, with notes on other varieties. The alphabets of the other Carpathian Rusyn varieties, Lemko Rusyn and Subcarpathian Rusyn, differ from the Prešov Standard in lacking ё and ї. For the Pannonian Rusyn alphabet, see Template:Section link.Template:Citation needed

Romanization (transliteration) is given according to ALA-LC,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> BGN/PCGN,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> generic European,Template:Citation needed ISO/R9 1968 (IDS),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and ISO 9.

Letters of the Rusyn Alphabets<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref>
Capital Small Name Romanization Pronunciation
ALA BGN Euro IDS ISO
А а a a a a a a Template:IPAslink
Б б бы b b b b b Template:IPAslink
В в вы v v v v v Template:IPAslink
Г г гы h h h h ǧ Template:IPAslink
Ґ ґ ґы g g g g g Template:IPAslink
Д д ды d d d d d Template:IPAslink
Е е e e e e e e Template:IPAslink
Є є є i͡e je je/'e je ê Template:IPAslink
Ё Template:Ref labelTemplate:Ref label ё ё ë jo jo/'o jo ô Template:IPAslink
Ж ж жы z͡h ž ž ž ž Template:IPAslink
З з зы z z z z z Template:IPAslink
І Template:Ref label і i i i i i ì Template:IPAslink
Ї Template:Ref label ї ї ï ji ji/'i ï ï main}}
И Template:Ref label и и i/y y î i i Template:IPAslink
Ы Template:Ref label ы ы ŷ y y y/ŷ y Template:IPAslink
Й й йы ĭ j j j j Template:IPAslink
К к кы k k k k k Template:IPAslink
Л л лы l l l l l Template:IPAslink
М м мы m m m m m Template:IPAslink
Н н ны n n n n n Template:IPAslink
О о o o o o o o Template:IPAslink
П п пы p p p p p Template:IPAslink
Р р ры r r r r r Template:IPAslink
С с сы s s s s s Template:IPAslink
Т т ты t t t t t Template:IPAslink
У у у u u u u u Template:IPAslink
Ф ф фы f f f f f Template:IPAslink
Х х хы k͡h ch ch ch h Template:IPAslink
Ц ц цы t͡s c c c c Template:IPAslink
Ч ч чы ch č č č č Template:IPAslink
Ш ш шы s͡h š š š š Template:IPAslink
Щ щ щы shch šč šč šč ŝ main}}
Ю ю ю і͡u ju ju/'u ju û main}}
Я я я i͡a ja ja/'a ja â main}}/
Ь Template:Ref label ь мнягкый знак
(Template:Langx)
or ірь 		′ ’ ' ′ ′ Template:IPAslink
Ъ Template:Ref labelTemplate:Ref label ъ твердый знак (ір) ″ ’ " – ″

Usage notesEdit

Template:Ordered list

Number of letters and relationship to the Ukrainian alphabetEdit

The Prešov Rusyn alphabet of Slovakia has 36 letters. It includes all the letters of the Ukrainian alphabet plus ё, ы, and ъ.

The Lemko Rusyn alphabet of Poland has 34 letters. It includes all the Ukrainian letters with the exception of ї, plus ы and ъ.

The Pannonian Rusyn alphabet has 32 letters, namely all the Ukrainian letters except і.

Alphabetical orderEdit

The Rusyn alphabets all place ь after я, as the Ukrainian alphabet did until 1990. The vast majority of Cyrillic alphabets place ь before э (if present), ю, and я.

The Lemko and Prešov Rusyn alphabets place ъ at the very end, while the vast majority of Cyrillic alphabets place it after щ. They also place ы before й, while the vast majority of Cyrillic alphabets place it after ш, щ (if present), and ъ (if present).

In the Prešov Rusyn alphabet, і and ї come before и, and likewise, і comes before и in the Lemko Rusyn alphabet (which does not have ї). In the Ukrainian alphabet, however, и precedes і and ї, and the Pannonian Rusyn alphabet (which does not have і) follows this precedent by placing и before ї.

Sample textEdit

Template:Flagicon Lemko Rusyn
Того року одбыла ся уж друга стріча габурскых родаків, котрых на Сільському уряді в Габурі 8. липця 2006, на ридни земли привитал староста села М. Ющік. Щиры слова подякы і гордости за шыриня доброй славы свого села, витаня медже довго невидженыма родаками, спомины давных часив, Габури, родини і традициі были не лем на стрічи родаків, але і на цілим дводньовим культурно-суспільним і спортовим сьвяті, яке ся одбыло під назвом «Габура співає і спортує».

Template:Flagicon Prešov Rusyn
Того року ся одбыла уж друга стріча габурскых родаків, котрых на Сельскім уряді в Габурі 8. юла 2006, на роднім ґрунті привитав староста села М. Ющік. Слова до душы, подякы і гордости за шыріня доброго хыру о своїм селі, витаня довго невидженых родаків, споминаня на давны часы, на Габуру, на родину і традіції мали свій простор нелем на стрічі родаків але і на цілій двадньовій културно-сполоченьскій і шпортовій акції, яка ся одбывала під назвом: «Габура співає і шпортує.»

Template:Flagicon Pannonian Rusyn
Того року ше одбуло уж друге стретнуце габурчанох по походзеню, хторих у Валалским уряду, у Габури 8. юлия 2006. року, на родней груди привитал староста валалу М. Ющик. Щири слова, подзековносц, пиха и гордосц пре добри глас о своїм валалу, витаня длуго нєвидзеней родзини, здогадованя на давни часи, на Габуру, на родзину и традицию, мали свойо место нє лєм на стретнуцох родзини, алє и на цалей дводньовей културно-уметнїцкей и спортовей програми хтора ше одбувала под назву: «Габура шпива и шпортує».

Template:Flagicon Standard Ukrainian
Того року відбулася друга зустріч габурських земляків, яких на Сільському уряді в Габурі 8 липня 2006 року, на рідній землі привітав староста села М. Ющік. Щирі слова подяки й гордості за поширення доброї слави свого села, вітання довго не бачених земляків, спомини давніх часів, Габури, родини та традицій мали місце не лише на зустрічі земляків, але й на дводенному культурно-суспільному та спортивному святі, яке відбувалося під назвою «Габура співає та займається спортом».

See alsoEdit

NewspapersEdit

Template:More citations needed section

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Gorlice, Poland

  • Lemko, Philadelphia, US (defunct)
  • Narodnȳ novynkȳ (Народны новинкы)
  • Podkarpatská Rus (Подкарпатська Русь)
  • Ruske slovo (Руске слово),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Ruski Krstur, Serbia

  • Rusnatsi u Shvetse (Руснаци у Швеце)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Rusynska besida (Русинська бесіда)

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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SourcesEdit

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|CitationClass=web }}

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External linksEdit

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