Editing Shilha language (section)

=== Verbs ===
A Shilha verb form is basically a combination of a person-number-gender (PNG) affix and a mood-aspect-negation (MAN) stem.

==== Sample verb ====
The workings of this system are illustrated here with the full conjugation of the verb {{Lang|shi-latn|fk}} "to give". The perfective negative goes with the negation {{Lang|shi-latn|wr}} "not". The imperfective goes with the preverbal particle {{Lang|shi-latn|ar}} (except usually the imperative, and the relative forms).

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
!
! [[Aorist]]
! [[Perfective aspect|Perfective]]
! Perfective<br>negative
! [[Imperfective aspect|Imperfective]]
|-
| || || || ||
|-
| MAN stem→ || {{Lang|shi-latn|fk(i)}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|fki/a}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|fki}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|akka}}
|-
| || || || ||
|-
| 1 sg. || {{Lang|shi-latn|fk-ɣ}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|fki-ɣ}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ur fki-ɣ}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ar akka-ɣ}}
|-
| 2 sg. || {{Lang|shi-latn|t-fk-t}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|t-fki-t}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ur t-fki-t}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ar t-akka-t}}
|-
| 3 sg.m. || {{Lang|shi-latn|i-fk}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|i-fka}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ur i-fki}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ar y-akka}}
|-
| 3 sg.f. || {{Lang|shi-latn|t-fk}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|t-fka}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ur t-fki}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ar t-akka}}
|-
| 1 pl. || {{Lang|shi-latn|n-fk}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|n-fka}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ur n-fki}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ar n-akka}}
|-
| 2 pl.m. || {{Lang|shi-latn|t-fki-m}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|t-fka-m}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ur t-fki-m}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ar t-akka-m}}
|-
| 2 pl.f. || {{Lang|shi-latn|t-fki-mt}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|t-fka-mt}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ur t-fki-mt}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ar t-akka-mt}}
|-
| 3 pl.m. || {{Lang|shi-latn|fki-n}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|fka-n}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ur fki-n}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ar akka-n}}
|-
| 3 pl.f. || {{Lang|shi-latn|fki-nt}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|fka-nt}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ur fki-nt}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ar akka-nt}}
|-
| || || || ||
|-
| Imperative || || || ||
|-
| 2 sg. || {{Lang|shi-latn|fk}} || || || {{Lang|shi-latn|akka}}
|-
| 2 pl.m. || {{Lang|shi-latn|fk-at}} || || || {{Lang|shi-latn|akka-y-at}}
|-
| 2 pl.f. || {{Lang|shi-latn|fk-amt}} || || || {{Lang|shi-latn|akka-y-amt}}
|-
| || || || ||
|-
| Relative || || || ||
|-
| sg. || || {{Lang|shi-latn|i-fka-n}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ur i-fki-n}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|y-akka-n}}
|-
| pl. || || {{Lang|shi-latn|fka-n-in}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ur fki-n-in}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|akka-n-in}}
|}

The verb {{Lang|shi-latn|fk}} "give" has the full complement of four different MAN stems:
*Aorist {{Lang|shi-latn|fk(i)}} ― {{Lang|shi-latn|fk}} in 1st, 2nd and 3rd singular, 1st plural, and the imperatives, but {{Lang|shi-latn|fki}} in 2nd and 3rd plural
*Perfective {{Lang|shi-latn|fki/a}} ― {{Lang|shi-latn|fki}} in 1st and 2nd singular, but {{Lang|shi-latn|fka}} with the other forms
*Perfective negative {{Lang|shi-latn|fki}} ― all forms
*Imperfective {{Lang|shi-latn|akka}} (an irregular formation) ― all forms

==== Person-number-gender affixes ====
There are two basic sets of PNG affixes, one set marking the subject of ordinary verb forms, and another set marking the subject of imperatives.

Two suffixes (singular {{Lang|shi-latn|-n}}, plural {{Lang|shi-latn|-in}}) are added to the 3rd singular and masculine 3rd plural masculine verb forms respectively to make relative forms (also known as "participles"), as in {{Lang|shi-latn|i-fka-n}} "who gives", {{Lang|shi-latn|fka-n-in}} "who give".{{efn|Each relative form is now used for both genders. An obsolete feminine singular relative form {{Lang|shi-latn|t-…-t}} is found in some manuscript texts, for example {{Lang|shi-latn|tikki t-ɛḍm-t}} (gift which.is.glorious) "a glorious gift" (modern {{Lang|shi-latn|tikki y-ɛḍm-n}}).}}

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|width="130"|1 sg ||width="40"| ||align="center"|… ||width="40"| {{Lang|shi-latn|-ɣ}}
|-
|2 sg. ||align="right"| {{Lang|shi-latn|t-}} ||align="center"|… || {{Lang|shi-latn|-t}}
|-
| 3 sg.m. || align="right"| {{Lang|shi-latn|y-}} ||align="center"|… ||
|-
|3 sg.f. || align="right"| {{Lang|shi-latn|t-}} ||align="center"|… ||
|-
|1 pl. || align="right"| {{Lang|shi-latn|n-}} ||align="center"|… ||
|-
|2 pl.m. || align="right"| {{Lang|shi-latn|t-}} ||align="center"|… || {{Lang|shi-latn|-m}}
|-
|2 pl.f. || align="right"| {{Lang|shi-latn|t-}} ||align="center"|… || {{Lang|shi-latn|-mt}}
|-
|3 pl.m. || ||align="center"|… || {{Lang|shi-latn|-n}}
|-
|3 pl.f. || ||align="center"|… || {{Lang|shi-latn|-nt}}
|-
| || || ||
|-
| Imperative || || ||
|-
|2 sg. || ||align="center"|…||{{Lang|shi-latn|-Ø}}
|-
|2 pl.m. || ||align="center"|… ||{{Lang|shi-latn|-at}}
|-
| 2 pl.f. || ||align="center"|… ||{{Lang|shi-latn|-amt}}
|-
| || || ||
|-
| Relative || || ||
|-
| 3 sg. || align="right"|{{Lang|shi-latn|y-}} ||align="center"|… ||{{Lang|shi-latn|-n}}
|-
| 3 pl. || ||align="center"|… ||{{Lang|shi-latn|-n-in}}
|}

==== Mood-aspect-negation stems ====
A few verbs have just one MAN stem. The majority of verbs have two, three or four different MAN stems.<ref>A fifth MAN stem, the Imperfective negative, is sporadically found in manuscript texts (see Van den Boogert 1997:270).</ref> The Aorist stem serves as the [[Lemma (morphology)|citation form]] of a verb. The list below offers an overview of MAN stem paradigms. Around 15 paradigms of non-derived verbs can be recognized, based on the formation of the Perfective and the Perfective negative. Further subdivisions could be made on the basis of the formations of the Imperfective. All sections in the list contain a selection of verbs, except sections 12, 14, and 15, which contain a full listing.

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!
!
! Aorist
! Perfective
! Perfective<br/>negative
! Imperfective

|-
| 1 || "laugh" || {{Lang|shi-latn|ḍssa}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ḍssa}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ḍssa}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ḍssa}}
|-
| || "bark" || {{Lang|shi-latn|ttaɣ}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ttaɣ}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ttaɣ}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ttaɣ}}
|-
| 2 || "accompany" || {{Lang|shi-latn|mun}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|mun}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|mun}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|tt-mun}}
|-
| || "sit" || {{Lang|shi-latn|skkiws}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|skkiws}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|skkiws}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|skkiwis, tt-skiwis}}
|-
| || "be crazy" || {{Lang|shi-latn|nufl}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|nufl}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|nufl}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|tt-nuful}}
|-
| 3 || "enter" || {{Lang|shi-latn|kcm}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|kcm}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|kcim}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|kccm}}
|-
| || "graze" || {{Lang|shi-latn|frd}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|frd}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|frid}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ffrd}}
|-
| || "mention" || {{Lang|shi-latn|bdr}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|bdr}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|bdir}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|addr, tt-bdar}}
|-
| || "ascend, climb" || {{Lang|shi-latn|ɣly}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ɣly}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ɣliy}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|aqqlay}}
|-
| || "open, be open" || {{Lang|shi-latn|rẓm}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|rẓm}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|rẓim}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|tt-nurẓum}}
|-
| 4 || "fall" || {{Lang|shi-latn|ḍr}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ḍr}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ḍir}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ṭṭar}}
|-
| || "hit" || {{Lang|shi-latn|wt}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|wt}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|wit}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|kkat}}
|-
| 5 || "break, be broken" || {{Lang|shi-latn|rẓ(i)}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|rẓi/a}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|rẓi}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|rẓẓa}}
|-
| || "eat" || {{Lang|shi-latn|cc(i)}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|cci/a}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|cci}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ctta}}
|-
| || "give" || {{Lang|shi-latn|fk(i)}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|fki/a}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|fki}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|akka}}
|-
| || "show, explain" || {{Lang|shi-latn|ml(i)}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|mli/a}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|mli}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|mmal}}
|-
| || "drink" || {{Lang|shi-latn|sw(i)}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|swi/a}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|swi}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ssa}}
|-
| || "call" || {{Lang|shi-latn|ɣr(i)}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ɣri/a}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ɣri}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|aqqra}}
|-
| || "be; put" || {{Lang|shi-latn|g(i)}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|gi/a}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|gi}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|tt-gga}}
|-
| 6 || "sew" || {{Lang|shi-latn|gnu}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|gni/a}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|gni}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|gnna, gnnu, tt-gnu}}
|-
| || "go" || {{Lang|shi-latn|ftu}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|fti/a}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|fti}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|fttu, tt-ftu}}
|-
| || "go" || {{Lang|shi-latn|ddu}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ddi/a}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ddi}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|tt-dda, tt-ddu, tt-udu}}
|-
| || "divide" || {{Lang|shi-latn|bḍu}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|bḍi/a}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|bḍi}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|aṭṭa}}
|-
| 7 || "be better" || {{Lang|shi-latn|af}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|uf}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|uf}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|tt-afa}}
|-
| || "fly" || {{Lang|shi-latn|ayll}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|uyll}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|uyll}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|tt-aylal}}
|-
| || "give back" || {{Lang|shi-latn|rar}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|rur}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|rur}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|tt-rara}}
|-
| || "inherit" || {{Lang|shi-latn|kkas}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|kkus}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|kkus}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|tt-kasa}}
|-
| 8 || "take" || {{Lang|shi-latn|amẓ}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|umẓ}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|umiẓ}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|tt-amẓ}}
|-
| || "steal" || {{Lang|shi-latn|ak°r}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ukr}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ukir}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|tt-ak°r}}
|-
| || "help" || {{Lang|shi-latn|aws}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|iws}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|iwis}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|tt-aws}}
|-
| || "run" || {{Lang|shi-latn|azzl}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|uzzl}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|uzzil}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|tt-azzal}}
|-
| 9 || "find" || {{Lang|shi-latn|af(i)}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ufi/a}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ufi}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|tt-afa}}
|-
| || "come" || {{Lang|shi-latn|ack(i)}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ucki/a}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ucki}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|tt-acka}}
|-
| 10 || "flay" || {{Lang|shi-latn|azu}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|uzi/a}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|uzi}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|tt-azu}}
|-
| || "contain" || {{Lang|shi-latn|amu}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|umi/a}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|umi}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|tt-amu}}
|-
| 11 || "hold, possess" || {{Lang|shi-latn|ṭṭf, ṭṭaf}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ṭṭf, ṭṭaf}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ṭṭif}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|tt-ṭṭf, tt-ṭṭaf}}
|-
| || "take away" || {{Lang|shi-latn|kks, kkis}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|kks, kkis}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|kkis}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|tt-kks, tt-kkis}}
|-
| || "go out" || {{Lang|shi-latn|ffɣ, ffuɣ}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ffɣ, ffuɣ}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ffiɣ}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|tt-ffɣ, tt-ffuɣ}}
|-
| 12 || "die" || {{Lang|shi-latn|mmt}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|mmut}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|mmut}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|tt-mttat}}
|-
| 13 || "be afraid" || {{Lang|shi-latn|iksuḍ, ksuḍ}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ksaḍ}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ksaḍ}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|tt-iksuḍ, tt-ksuḍ}}
|-
| || "be first, precede" || {{Lang|shi-latn|izwur, zwur}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|zwar}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|zwar}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|tt-izwur, zgg°ur}}
|-
| 14 || "possess" || {{Lang|shi-latn|ili}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|li/a}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|li}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|tt-ili}}
|-
| || "want" || {{Lang|shi-latn|iri}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ri/a}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ri}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|tt-iri}}
|-
| 15 || "exist" || {{Lang|shi-latn|ili}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|lli/a}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|lli}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|tt-ili}}
|-
| || "say" || {{Lang|shi-latn|ini}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|nni/a}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|nni}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|tt-ini}}
|}

==== Uses of MAN stems ====
The table below is adapted from Kossmann (2012:40, table 2.12 Uses of MAN stems in Figuig Berber).

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! MAN stem
! Main context in which MAN stem is used
! Examples
! Translation
|-
| Aorist || imperative<br />consecutive || {{Lang|shi-latn|amẓ}}<br />{{Lang|shi-latn|y-amẓ}} || "take!"<br />"(and then) he took"
|-
| {{Lang|shi-latn|ad}} + Aorist || non-realized || {{Lang|shi-latn|ay y-amẓ}} || "that he take"
|-
| {{Lang|shi-latn|rad}} + Aorist || future || {{Lang|shi-latn|ray y-amẓ}} || "he will take"
|-
| {{Lang|shi-latn|ur}} + Aorist || negated consecutive || {{Lang|shi-latn|ur y-amẓ}} || "(and then) he didn't take"
|-
| {{Lang|shi-latn|ad}} + {{Lang|shi-latn|ur}} + Aorist || negated imperative || {{Lang|shi-latn|ad ur t-amẓ-t}} || "don't take!"
|-
| {{Lang|shi-latn|ur}} + {{Lang|shi|rad}} + Aorist || negated future || {{Lang|shi-latn|ur ray y-amẓ}} || "he will not take"
|-
| Perfective || past action<br />state (including resultant state) || y-umẓ<br />i-rɣa || "he took"<br />"it was hot, it is hot"
|-
| {{Lang|shi-latn|ur}} + Perfective Negative || negated past action<br />negated state || {{Lang|shi-latn|ur y-umiẓ}}<br />{{Lang|shi-latn|ur i-rɣi}} || "he did not take"<br />"it was not hot, it is not hot"
|-
| Imperfective || habitual/iterative imperative || {{Lang|shi-latn|tt-amẓ}} || "always take!"
|-
| {{Lang|shi-latn|ad}} + Imperfective || habitual/iterative imperative || {{Lang|shi-latn|at tt-amẓ-t}}{{efn|Imperfective 2sg. {{Lang|shi-latn|t-tt-amẓ-t}} is usually realized as {{Lang|shi-latn|tt-amẓ-t}}.}} || "you must always take"
|-
| {{Lang|shi-latn|ad}} + {{Lang|shi-latn|ur}} + Imperfective || negated habitual/iterative imperative || {{Lang|shi-latn|ad ur tt-amẓ-t}} || "you should never take"
|-
| {{Lang|shi-latn|ar}} + Imperfective || simultaneous action (progressive)<br />habitual, iterative, durative || {{Lang|shi-latn|ar i-tt-amẓ}} || "he is taking, he always takes"
|-
| {{Lang|shi-latn|ur}} + {{Lang|shi-latn|ar}} + Imperfective || negated simultaneous action<br />negated habitual, iterative, durative || ur a y-tt-amẓ, ur aɣ i-tt-amẓ{{efn|The imperfective preverbal particle {{Lang|shi-latn|ar}} changes to {{Lang|shi-latn|a}} or {{Lang|shi-latn|aɣ}} (depending on the dialect) after the negation.}} || "he is not taking, he never takes"
|}

==== Stative verbs ====
Shilha has around twenty [[stative verb]]s which are still recognizable as a separate type of verb on the basis of their MAN stem paradigms. In earlier stages of the language, these verbs had their own separate set of PNG markers, which are sporadically found in premodern manuscripts:<ref>See van den Boogert (1997:271–272). There are many other stative verbs  which do not belong to this separate type, such as {{Lang|shi-latn|rɣ}} "to be hot", {{Lang|shi-latn|uggug}} "to be distant", and all stative verbs borrowed from Arabic such as {{Lang|shi-latn|ḥlu}} "to be sweet".</ref>
:{{Lang|shi-latn|iḍ ɣzzif}} "the night, it is long" (cf. modern {{Lang|shi-latn|iḍ i-ɣzzif}})
:{{Lang|shi-latn|rẓag-t isafarn}} "medicines are bitter" (cf. modern {{Lang|shi-latn|rẓag-n isafarn}})
In the modern language, these verbs take the regular PNG markers. Only the original singular relative form without prefix {{Lang|shi-latn|y-}} may still be encountered, for example {{Lang|shi-latn|adrar mqqur-n}} or {{Lang|shi-latn|adrar i-mqqur-n}} (mountain which.is.big) "big mountain". Stative verbs do not have a separate Perfective negative form. The table shows a selection of stative verbs.

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!
! Aorist
! Perfective
! Imperfective
|-
| "be few" || {{Lang|shi-latn|idrus}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|drus}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|tt-idrus}}
|-
| "be many" || {{Lang|shi-latn|igut}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|ggut}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|tt-igut}}
|-
| "be small, young" || {{Lang|shi-latn|imẓiy}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|mẓẓiy}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|tt-imẓiy}}
|-
| "be big, old" || {{Lang|shi-latn|imɣur}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|mqqur}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|tt-imɣur}}
|-
| "be yellow" || {{Lang|shi-latn|iwriɣ}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|wraɣ}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|tt-iwriɣ}}
|-
| "be red" || {{Lang|shi-latn|izwiɣ}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|zgg°aɣ}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|tt-izwiɣ}}
|}

====Verbal deictic clitics====
There are two deictic clitics which are used with verbs to indicate movement toward or away from the point of reference: centripetal {{Lang|shi-latn|d}} "hither" and centrifugal {{Lang|shi-latn|nn}} "thither":

{{interlinear|lang=shi-latn|number=ex:
|ur issin man ass '''d''' wrrin
|not he.knew which EL-day hither they-return
|"he knew not on which day they would return (toward him)"}}

{{interlinear|lang=shi-latn|number=ex:
|nɣiɣ awn babatun luḥɣ '''nn''' ixf nns ɣ wanu
|I.killed father-your I.threw tither EL-head of.him in EA-waterhole
|"I killed your father and threw his head (away from me) into a waterhole"}}

The use of these clitics is compulsory (idiomatic) with certain verbs. For example, the verb {{Lang|shi-latn|ack}} "come" almost always goes with the centripetal particle, and {{Lang|shi-latn|af}} "find" with the centrifugal clitic:

{{interlinear|lang=shi-latn|number=ex:
|yucka '''d''' darsn yan urqqas zɣ Ɛli Umḥawc
|he.came hither one EA-messenger from Ali Oumhaouch
|"a messenger came to their place from Ali Oumhaouch"}}

{{interlinear|lang=shi-latn|number=ex:
|igg°z s wanu yaf '''nn''' ixf n izimmr
|he.descended to EA-waterhole he.finds tither EL-head of EA-ram
|"he descended into the waterhole and found the head of a ram"}}

When the verbal deictic clitics occur after an object pronoun, they change to {{Lang|shi-latn|id}} and {{Lang|shi-latn|inn}}:

{{interlinear|lang=shi-latn|number=ex:
|iga tn '''id''' ɣ yan uqqrab
|he.put them hither in one EA-pouch
|"he put them in a pouch"}}

{{interlinear|lang=shi-latn|number=ex:
|ar tn '''inn''' nttgga ɣ txibit
|them tither we.are.putting in EA-jar
|"we usually put them in a jar"}}