Editing Newar language (section)

===Devanagari orthography===
Modern Newar is written generally with the Devanagari script, although formerly it was written in the Ranjana and other scripts. The letters of the Nagari alphabet are traditionally listed in the order [[vowel]]s (monophthongs and [[diphthong]]s), [[anusvara]] and [[visarga]], [[stop consonant|stops]] ([[plosive]]s and [[Nasal stop|nasal]]s) (starting in the back of the mouth and moving forward), and finally the [[Liquid consonants|liquid]]s and [[fricative]]s, written in [[IAST]] as follows (see the tables below for details):

:a ā i ī u ū ṛ ṝ ḷ ḹ; e ai o au
:ṃ ḥ
:k kh g gh ṅ; c ch j jh ñ; ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇ; t th d dh n; p ph b bh m
:y r l v; ś ṣ s h

Kathmandu Newar does not use ñ for the palatal nasal but instead writes this sound with the ligature {{angle bracket|ny}} as for example in the word ''nyā'' 'five'. Orthographic vowel length (i vs ī and u vs ū) represents a difference of vowel length while the vowels with no orthographic length (a and ā) is indicated with the visarga (e.g. ''khāḥ'' ('''IPA: {{IPA|/kʰaː/}}''') 'is').

====Vowels====
The vowels, called ''mā ākha'' (माआखः), meaning "mother letters", used in Newar are:

{|border="2" class="wikitable" align="center" width="550"
|-
!Orthography||अ ||अः || आ||आः || इ || ई || उ ||  ऊ ||ऋ ||ॠ|| ऌ|| ॡ||   ए||    ऐ ||  ओ ||   औ || अँ||  अं ||  अय्  ||  आय्  ||  एय्
|- align = center
|Roman||a||a:|| aa||aa: || i ||ii|| u || uu  || ri|| rii ||  lri|| lrii ||  e ||  ai || o || au || an || aN||ay||aay||ey
|-align="center"

|}

Even though ऋ, ॠ, ऌ, ॡ are present in Newar, they are rarely used. Instead, some experts suggest including अय् (ay) and आय् (aay) in the list of vowels.<ref>''Nepal Bhasa Wyaakarana'' (page 2) by Tuyubahadur Maharjan, published by Nepal Bhasa Academy</ref>

====Consonants====
The consonants, called ''bā ākha'' (बाआखः), meaning "father letters", used in Newar are:

{|class="wikitable" align="center" width="250"
|-
!|क  || ख   || ग  ||  घ  ||   ङ  ||  ङ्ह
|-align="center"
| {{IPA|/kə/}} || {{IPA|/kʰə/}} || {{IPA|/gə/}} || {{IPA|/gʱə/}} ||{{IPA|/ŋə/}} ||{{IPA|/ŋʱə/}}
|-
!|च  ||  छ ||  ज  ||  झ  ||   ञ || ञ्ह
|-align="center"
| {{IPA|/t͡ɕə/}} || {{IPA|/t͡ɕʰə/}} || {{IPA|/d͡ʑə/}} || {{IPA|/d͡ʑʱə/}} || {{IPA|/ɲə/}} || {{IPA|/ɲʱə/}}
|-
!|ट ||   ठ ||   ड ||   ढ ||   ण || ण्ह
|-align="center" 
| {{IPA|/ʈə/}}|| {{IPA|/ʈʰə/}}|| {{IPA|/ɖə/}}|| {{IPA|/ɖʱə/}}|| {{IPA|/ɳə/}} || {{IPA|/ɳʱə/}}
|-
!|त ||   थ  ||  द ||  ध ||  न || न्ह
|-align="center" 
| {{IPA|/tə/}}|| {{IPA|/tʰə/}}|| {{IPA|/də/}}|| {{IPA|/dʱə/}}||  {{IPA|/nə/}} ||  {{IPA|/nʱə/}}
|-
!|प ||   फ ||   ब ||  भ  ||    म ||  म्ह
|-align="center"
| {{IPA|/pə/}} || {{IPA|/pʰə/}} || {{IPA|/bə/}} || {{IPA|/bʱə/}} ||   {{IPA|/mə/}} || {{IPA|/mʱə/}}
|-
!|य ||ह्य ||   र ||ह्र ||    ल  ||ल्ह ||  व || व्ह 
|-align="center"
|{{IPA|/jə/}}|| {{IPA|/hjə/}} || {{IPA|/rə/}} || {{IPA|/hrə/}} ||   {{IPA|/lə/}} || {{IPA|/lʱə/}} ||  {{IPA|/wə/}}  || {{IPA|/wʱə/}}
|-
!|     श  || ष ||   स  || ह   ||
|-align="center"
|{{IPA|/ɕə/}} || {{IPA|/ʂə/}}||  {{IPA|/sə/}}||  {{IPA|/hə/}}||
|-
! क्ष || त्र ||   ज्ञ ||
|-align="center"
|  {{IPA|/kʂə/}} ||  {{IPA|/t̪rə/}} || {{IPA|/d͡ʑɲə/}} ||
|-
|}

ङ्ह, ञ्ह, ण्ह, न्ह, म्ह, ह्य, ह्र, ल्ह and व्ह are sometimes included in the list of consonants as they have a specific identity in Nepal.

The use of ङ and ञ was very common in the old form of language. However, in the new form, especially in writing, the use of these characters has diminished. The use of ण, त, थ, द, ध, न, श, ष, क्ष, त्र, ज्ञ is limited by the new grammar books to the loan words only.

====Complex/compound consonants====
Besides the consonants mentioned above, combined consonants called ''chinā ākha'' (चिना आखः) are used.

====Numerals====
{{Main|Newari numerals}}
*The same numerals in Devanagari are:
{|class="wikitable" align=center
|-
|+ '''In Devanāgarī'''
|- style="font-size:14pt;"
| ० || १ || २ || ३ || ४
| ५ || ६ || ७ || ८ || ९
|-
| 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4
| 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9
|-
|}