Editing Shilha language (section)

=== Possession ===
==== Within a noun phrase ====
A possessive construction within a noun phrase is most frequently expressed as Possessee {{Lang|shi-latn|n}} Possessor. The preposition {{Lang|shi-latn|n}} "of" requires a following inflected noun to be in the annexed state. This kind of possessive construction covers a wide range of relationships, including both alienable and inalienable possession, and most of them not involving actual ownership:
:{{Lang|shi-latn|anu n Dawd}} "Daoud's waterhole"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|imi n tsraft}} "the entrance of the grain silo"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|tarwa n Brahim}} "Brahim's children"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|ig°dar n idqqi}} "pots of clay"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|imikk n tisnt}} "a little salt"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|atig n usngar}} "the price of maize"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|tiɣ°rdin n imkli}} "after lunch"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|lmdint n Ssnbul}} "the city of Istanbul"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|aɣllay n tafukt}} "the rising of the sun"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|aɣaras n ssk°ila}} "the road to school"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|ddin n Wudayn}} "the religion of the Jews"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|lqqiṣt n Yusf}} "the story of Joseph"
Many such possessive constructions are compounds, whose meaning cannot be deduced from the ordinary meaning of the nouns:
:{{Lang|shi-latn|aɣaras n walim}} "road of straw: the Milky Way"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|imi n wuccn}} "mouth of jackal: a length measure"{{efn|The distance between the outstretched tips of thumb and little finger.}}
:{{Lang|shi-latn|talat n tilkin}} "ravine of lice: nape, back of the neck"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|tassmi n ifrgan}} "needle of hedges: kind of bird"
The possessor can itself be a possessee in a following possessive construction:
:{{Lang|shi-latn|lmudda n tgldit n Mulay Lḥasan}} "the era of the reign of Moulay Lahcen"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|luqt n warraw n wulli}} "the time of the giving birth of the sheep and goats"
As a rule, the preposition {{Lang|shi-latn|n}} assimilates to, or fuses with, a following {{Lang|shi-latn|w}}, {{Lang|shi-latn|y}}, {{Lang|shi-latn|l}} or {{Lang|shi-latn|m}}:{{efn|For the sake of transparency, the preposition "of" is consistently transcribed as {{Lang|shi-latn|n}} in the examples in this article. Unassimilated realizations occur in deliberate speech.}}
:{{Lang|shi-latn|awal n w-aɛrab-n}} → {{Lang|shi-latn|awal w waɛrabn}} "the language of the Arabs"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|a-ḍbib n y-isa-n}} → {{Lang|shi-latn|aḍbib y yisan}} "horse-doctor"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|luq-t n w-nẓar}} → {{Lang|shi-latn|luqt unẓar}} "the season of rain"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|a-gllid n y-muslm-n}} → {{Lang|shi-latn|agllid imuslmn}} "the king of the Muslims"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|addag n litcin}} → {{Lang|shi-latn|addag l litcin}} "orange tree"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|a-sngar n miṣr}} → {{Lang|shi-latn|asngar m Miṣr}} "maize of Egypt"
The possessor can also be expressed with a pronominal possessive complement. This consists of a pronominal suffix added to the preposition, which then takes the shape {{Lang|shi-latn|nn-}} (see {{section link| |Pronouns}}). The form of the 1st singular possessive complement is anomalous: {{Lang|shi-latn|nw}} after a vowel, and {{Lang|shi-latn|inw}} after a consonant (or, in some dialects, {{Lang|shi-latn|niw}}):
:{{Lang|shi-latn|agayyu nu}} "my head"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|ifassn inu}} "my hands"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|aḍar niw}} "my leg"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|aqqrab nnk}} "your (sg.m.) pouch"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|lumur nnm}} "your (sg.f.) affairs"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|timlsa nns}} "his clothes"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|rriy nns}} "her opinion"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|aḍu nns}} "its smell"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|adjarn nnɣ}} "our neighbours"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|tawwuri nnun}} "your (pl.m.) occupation"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|timddukkal nnunt}} "your (pl.f.) friends"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|lmɛict nnsn}} "their (m.) livelihood"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|tik°yaḍ nnsnt}} "their (f.) locks of hair"

==== Within a clause ====
There are two ways to express possession within a clause. The most common way is to use the "exist with" construction:

{{interlinear|lang=shi-latn|number=ex:
|tlla dars yat txsayt
|she.exists with.him one EA-pumpkin
|"he has a pumpkin"}}

{{interlinear|lang=shi-latn|number=ex:
|ur dari ylli wmya ma nn lssaɣ
|not with.me it.exists EA-anything what thither I.wear
|"I've got nothing to wear"}}

The verb {{Lang|shi-latn|ili}} "exist" (perfective {{Lang|shi-latn|lli/a}}) is usually omitted, leaving a [[verbless clause]]:

{{interlinear|lang=shi-latn|number=ex:
|darnɣ argan ar inkkr ɣ tagant
|with.us EL-argan it.is.growing in EA-forest
|"we have an argan tree growing in the forest"}}

{{interlinear|lang=shi-latn|number=ex:
|is ur dark kra yaḍnin?
|question not with.you something other
|"don't you have something different?"}}

Alternatively, the verb {{Lang|shi-latn|ṭṭf, ṭṭaf}} "hold, possess" can be used:

{{interlinear|lang=shi-latn|number=ex:
|iṭṭaf yan uɣyul immuddu srs
|he.possesses one EA-donkey he.travels with.it
|"he has a donkey which he travels with"}}

{{interlinear|lang=shi-latn|number=ex:
|nkki wr ṭṭifɣ luraqq inu
|I not I.possess papers of.me
|"[as for] me, I haven't got my papers"}}

In addition, there is the verb {{Lang|shi-latn|ili}} "possess" (perfective {{Lang|shi-latn|li/a}}), whose use is restricted to (inalienable) part-whole relationships and kinship relationships:

{{interlinear|lang=shi-latn|number=ex:
|liɣ alln ɛdlnin
|I.possess EL-eyes which.are.good
|"I have good eyes"}}

{{interlinear|lang=shi-latn|number=ex:
|lan sḍis tarwa
|they.possess six EA-children
|"they have six children"}}

In al its usages {{Lang|shi-latn|ili}} can be replaced with {{Lang|shi-latn|ṭṭaf}} or the "exist with" construction, but not the other way around:

{{interlinear|lang=shi-latn|number=ex:
|azrg ila yan uskti |c1= (or {{Lang|shi-latn|azrg iṭṭaf yan uskti}})
|EL-hand-mill it.possesses one EA-handle
|"a hand-mill has one handle"}}
{{interlinear|lang=shi-latn|number=ex:
|ṭṭafɣ snat tg°mma |c1= (not *{{Lang|shi-latn|liɣ snat tg°mma}})
|I.possess two EA-houses
|"I have two houses"}}

==== Possessed nouns ====
These are a subtype of uninflected nouns. As with proper names, gender is not transparently marked on possessed nouns, which take gender agreement according to the natural sex of the referent. Plurals are either suppletive or made with the preposed pluralizer {{Lang|shi-latn|id}}. Most possessed nouns are consanguinal kinship terms which require a possessive suffix (the table contains a selection).

{|class="wikitable" border="1"
!width="350"| ||width="120"| Singular ||width="120"| Plural || Remarks
|-
| "the mother(s) of"    || {{Lang|shi-latn|ma-}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|id ma-}}||
|-
| "the father(s) of"    || {{Lang|shi-latn|baba-}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|id baba-}}||
|-
| "the daughter(s) of"  || {{Lang|shi-latn|ylli-}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|ysti-}}||
|-
| "the son(s) of"   || {{Lang|shi-latn|yiw-, yu-, ywi-}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|(t-arwa)}}|| the plural is a pl.m. inflected noun "sons, offspring"
|-
| "the sister(s) of"    || {{Lang|shi-latn|wlt-ma-}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|yst-ma-}}|| compound, lit. "the daughter(s) of the mother of"
|-
| "the brother(s) of"   || {{Lang|shi-latn|g°-ma-}}|| {{Lang|shi-latn|ayt-ma-}}|| compound, lit. "the son(s) of the mother of"
|-
| "grandmother: the mother of the mother of"    || {{Lang|shi-latn|jdda-}}|| || Arabic loan
|-
| "grandfather: the father of the mother of"    || {{Lang|shi-latn|ti-ma-}}|| || compound
|-
| "grandmother: the mother of the father of"    || {{Lang|shi-latn|tabt-ti-}}|| || compound
|-
| "grandfather: the father of the father of"    || {{Lang|shi-latn|jddi-}}|| || Arabic loan
|}

These kinship terms cannot occur without pronominal suffix. Example:

{|class="wikitable" border="1"
|width="120"|{{Lang|shi-latn|ultma-Ø}}|| width="200"|"my sister"
|-
|{{Lang|shi-latn|ultma-k}} || "your (sg.m.) sister"
|-
|{{Lang|shi-latn|ultma-m}} || "your (sg.f.) sister"
|-
|{{Lang|shi-latn|ultma-s}} || "her sister, his sister"
|-
|{{Lang|shi-latn|istma-t-nɣ}} || "our sisters"
|-
|{{Lang|shi-latn|istma-t-un}} || "your (pl.m.) sisters"
|-
|{{Lang|shi-latn|istma-t-unt}} || "your (pl.f.) sisters"
|-
|{{Lang|shi-latn|istma-t-sn}} || "their (m.) sisters"
|-
|{{Lang|shi-latn|istma-t-snt}} || "their (f.) sisters"
|}

If these nouns are part of an NP-internal possessive construction, possession must be indicated twice:

{{interlinear|lang=shi-latn|indent=3|baba-s n tslit|father-her of EA-bride|"the father of the bride"}}
{{interlinear|lang=shi-latn|indent=3|yiwi-s n g°ma-Ø|son-his of brother-my|"my brother's son"}}
{{interlinear|lang=shi-latn|indent=3|illi-s n wasif|daughter-its of EA-river|"the daughter of the river: fever" (compound)}}

The suffix must also be added when possession is expressed in a clause:

{{interlinear|lang=shi-latn|number=ex:
|ur iṭṭif abla yat ultma-s
|not he.possesses except one sister.his
|"he only has one sister"}}

Some kinship terms are not possessed nouns but inflected nouns which take possessive complements (see examples above).

Another group of possessed nouns require a following noun phrase, occurring only in an NP-internal possessive phrase. A following inflected noun must be in the EA.

{|class="wikitable" border="1"
!width="240"| ||width="95"| Singular ||width="95"| Plural
|-
| "the son(s) of, native(s) of" || {{Lang|shi-latn|w}}  || {{Lang|shi-latn|ayt}}
|-
| "the female native(s) of" || {{Lang|shi-latn|wlt}} || {{Lang|shi-latn|yst}}
|}

These four possessed nouns occur as first element in compound kinship terms (see above; {{Lang|shi-latn|w}} then becomes {{Lang|shi-latn|g°}} in {{Lang|shi-latn|g°-ma-}} "the brother of"). They also serve to indicate descent, origin and ethnicity:
: {{Lang|shi-latn|Ḥmad u Musa}} "Ahmed son of Moussa" (name of a [[Sidi Ahmed Ou Moussa (saint)|famous saint]])<ref>The possessed noun {{Lang|shi-latn|wlt}}, the feminine counterpart of {{Lang|shi-latn|w}}, is not used in genealogies; thus, Fadma the daughter of Moussa is {{Lang|shi-latn|Faḍma Musa}}, not *{{Lang|shi-latn|Faḍma wlt Musa}} (cf. Aspinion 1953:30).</ref>
:{{Lang|shi-latn|u Brayyim}} "member of the Aït Brayyim ethnic group"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|u bṛṛa}} "native of outside: a foreigner"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|u Trudant}} "a native of Taroudant"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|ayt Ugrsif}} "the natives of Aguercif"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|ult Uglu}} "native woman of Aglou"
:{{Lang|shi-latn|ist Tfrawt}} "the women of Tafraout"
When {{Lang|shi-latn|w}} is followed by another (phonemic) {{Lang|shi-latn|w}} the result is {{Lang|shi-latn|gg°}}:
: {{Lang|shi-latn|w Wijjan}} → {{Lang|shi-latn|Gg°ijjan}} "native of Ouijjane" (also surname: Gouijjane)
: {{Lang|shi-latn|a-rgaz w w-rgaz}} → {{Lang|shi-latn|argaz gg°rgaz}} "a man, son of a man: a man of virtue"
{{Lang|shi-latn|Ayt}} occurs in many Shilha ethnonyms:
:{{Lang|shi-latn|Ayt Bubkr}} "the Sons of Boubker" (Aït Boubker), singular {{Lang|shi-latn|U Bubkr}}
:{{Lang|shi-latn|Ayt Wafqqa}} "the Sons of Ouafka" (Aït Ouafka), singular {{Lang|shi-latn|w Wafqqa}} → {{Lang|shi-latn|Gg°afqqa}}

==== Proprietive and privative elements ====
The proprietive elements masc. {{Lang|shi-latn|bu}} "he with, he of" and fem. {{Lang|shi-latn|mm}} "she with, she of" are borrowed from Arabic (original meaning "father of", "mother of"). They are used as formative elements and require a following inflected noun to be in the annexed state. The plural is formed with the pluralizer {{Lang|shi-latn|id}}:

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|bu sa yiwaliwn|{he of} seven EA-words|"a liar"}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|bu tagant|{he of} EA-forest|"wild boar"}}
{{Col-2}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|bu tbratin|{he with} EA-letters|"postman"}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|id bu waga|PL {he with} EA-bucket|"French soldiers (wearing a [[kepi|képi]])"}}
{{Col-end}}

In many cases, {{Lang|shi-latn|bu}} fuses with a following nominal prefix:

{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|bu w-marg → bumarg|{he with} EA-poetry {} {"a poet"}|}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|bu y-g°ra → {Biyg°ra, Big°ra}|{he with} EA-frogs {} {"[[Biougra]]" (place-name)}|}}

The feminine {{Lang|shi-latn|mm}} is encountered less frequently:

{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|mm igrtal|{she with} EA-mats|"prayer room in a mosque"}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|mm lɣrur|{she with} delusion|"the world, worldly existence"}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|id mm ifalan|PL {she with} EA-threads|"needles"}}

The privative elements masc. {{Lang|shi-latn|war}} "he without" and fem. {{Lang|shi-latn|tar}} "she without" are made up of a gender prefix (masculine {{Lang|shi-latn|w-}}, feminine {{Lang|shi-latn|t-}}) and an element {{Lang|shi-latn|ar}} which is probably related to the negation {{Lang|shi-latn|wr}} "not". They do not require the annexed state, and should probably be translated as "who does not have", with the following noun phrase as object:

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|war acrik|{he without} EL-partner|"God"}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|id war tawwuri|PL {he without} EL-job|"the unemployed"}}
{{Col-2}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|tar azal|{she without} EL-daylight|"wide-brimmed hat"}}
{{interlinear|indent=2|lang=shi|tar laman|{she without} certainty|"the world, worldly existence"}}
{{Col-end}}