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==Culverts== {{See|Culvert#Fish passage}} During the last three decades,{{when?|reason=Which three decades?|date=October 2021}} the ecological impact of [[culvert]]s on natural streams and rivers has been recognised. While the culvert discharge capacity derives from hydrological and hydraulic engineering considerations,<ref name="Chanson_book2004">{{cite book|author=Chanson, H. |title= The Hydraulics of Open Channel Flow: An Introduction |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann, 2nd edition, Oxford, UK |year=2004 |isbn= 978-0-7506-5978-9|author-link= Hubert Chanson }}</ref> this results often in large velocities in the barrel, which may prevent fish from passing through. Baffles may be installed along the barrel invert to provide some fish-friendly alternative.<ref name="Olsen2013">{{cite journal |last1=Olsen |first1= A. |last2=Tullis |first2=B. |title= Laboratory Study of Fish Passage and Discharge Capacity in Slip-Lined, Baffled Culverts |journal=Journal of Hydraulic Engineering |volume=139 |issue=4 |pages= 424–432 |issn= 0733-9429 |year=2013 |doi=10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0000697}}</ref><ref name="Chanson_Uys2016">{{cite journal |author-link1=Hubert Chanson |last1=Chanson |first1=H. |last2=Uys |first2=W. |title= Baffle Designs to facilitate Fish Passage in Box Culverts: A Preliminary study |url= https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:396517 |journal=6th IAHR International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures, Hydraulic Structures and Water System Management |pages= 295–304 |doi= 10.15142/T300628160828 |doi-access=free |isbn= 978-1-884575-75-4 |year=2016 }}</ref><ref name="Cabonce2017">{{cite book|last1=Cabonce |first1=J. |last2=Fernando |first2=R. |last3=Wang |first3=H. |last4=Chanson |first4=H. |author-link4=Hubert Chanson |title=Using Triangular Baffles to Facilitate Upstream Fish Passage in Box Culverts: Physical Modelling| url= http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:653838 |publisher= Hydraulic Model Report No. CH107/17, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 130 pages |year=2017 |isbn= 978-1-74272-186-6}}</ref> For low discharges, the baffles decrease the flow velocity and increase the water depth to facilitate fish passage. At larger discharges, baffles induce lower local velocities and generate recirculation regions. However, baffles can reduce drastically the culvert discharge capacity for a given afflux,<ref name="Lariner2002">{{cite journal|last=Larinier |first=M. |title= Fish Passage through Culverts, Rock Weirs and Estuarine Obstructions |journal=Bulletin Français de la Pêche et de la Pisciculture |volume=364 |issue=18 |pages= 119–134 |year=2002 |doi= 10.1051/kmae/2002097 |doi-access=free |url=https://www.kmae-journal.org/10.1051/kmae/2002097/pdf }}</ref> thus increasing substantially the total cost of the culvert structure to achieve the same design discharge and afflux. It is believed that fish-turbulence interplay may facilitate upstream migration, albeit an optimum design must be based upon a careful characterisation of both hydrodynamics and fish kinematics.<ref name="Wang2017b" /><ref name="Wang2017">{{cite journal|last1=Wang |first1=H. |last2=Chanson |first2=H. |author-link2=Hubert Chanson |title= Baffle Systems to Facilitate Upstream Fish Passage in Standard Box Culverts: How About Fish-Turbulence Interplay? |url= http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:678859 |journal=37th IAHR World Congress, IAHR & USAINS, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |volume=3 |pages= 2586–2595 |year=2017 }}</ref><ref name="WangChanson2018">{{cite journal|last1=Wang |first1=H. |last2=Chanson |first2=H. |author-link2=Hubert Chanson |title= Modelling Upstream Fish Passage in Standard Box Culverts: Interplay between Turbulence, Fish Kinematics, and Energetics |journal=River Research and Applications |volume=34|issue=3 |pages= 244–252 |year=2018 |doi=10.1002/rra.3245|url= http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:719818/UQ719818_preprint_OA.pdf |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018RivRA..34..244W }}</ref> Finally the practical engineering design implications cannot be ignored, while a solid understanding of turbulence typology is a basic requirement to any successful boundary treatment conducive of upstream fish passage.<ref name="Chanson2019">{{cite journal|last=Chanson |first=H. |author-link=Hubert Chanson |title= Utilising the Boundary Layer to Help Restore the Connectivity of Fish Habitats and Populations. An Engineering Discussion |journal=Ecological Engineering |volume=141|issue=105613 |pages= 105613 |year=2019 |doi=10.1016/j.ecoleng.2019.105613|bibcode=2019EcEng.14105613C |s2cid= 207901913 |url= https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:8e04f63/UQ8e04f63_graphical.pdf}}</ref>
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