Editing Mam language (section)

==Phonology==

===Stress===
Mam has weight sensitive stress assignment.{{sfn|England|1983|pp=37-38}} Primary stress falls on the long vowel in a word if there is one, e.g. {{lang|mam|aq'ú:ntl}} 'work'. Words without a long vowel assign primary stress to the vowel preceding the last glottal stop, e.g. {{lang|mam|puʔláʔ}} 'dipper'. Words without a long vowel or a glottal stop assign stress to the vowel preceding the last consonant in the root, e.g. {{lang|mam|xpicháqʼ}} 'raccoon'. Stress is not assigned to suffixes or enclitics that do not have long vowels or a glottal stop.

===Vowels===
Mam has 10 [[vowel]]s, 5 short and 5 long:{{sfn|England|1983|p=33}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Close vowel|Close]]
! <small>Long</small>
| {{IPAlink|iː}} {{grapheme|ii}}
|
| {{IPAlink|uː}} {{grapheme|uu}}
|-
! <small>Short</small>
| {{IPAlink|ɪ}} {{grapheme|i}}
|
| {{IPAlink|ʊ}} {{grapheme|u}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
! <small>Long</small>
| {{IPAlink|eː}} {{grapheme|ee}}
|
| {{IPAlink|oː}} {{grapheme|oo}}
|-
! <small>Short</small>
| {{IPAlink|ɛ}} {{grapheme|e}}
|
| {{IPAlink|ɔ}} {{grapheme|o}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Open vowel|Open]]
! <small>Long</small>
|
| {{IPAlink|aː}} {{grapheme|aa}}
|
|-
! <small>Short</small>
|
| {{IPAlink|a}} {{grapheme|a}}
|
|}

*A mid-central vowel {{IPAblink|ə}} is an allophone of a short unstressed vowel that can occur in the syllable following a stressed long vowel.

===Consonants===
Mam has 27 [[consonant]]s, including the [[glottal stop]]:{{sfn|England|1983}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! <small>Plain</small>
! <small>[[Palatalization (phonetics)|Palatalized]]</small>
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| {{IPAlink|m}} {{grapheme|m}}
| {{IPAlink|n}} {{grapheme|n}}
|
|
|
| ({{IPAlink|ŋ}} {{grapheme|n}})
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | [[Plosive]]
! <small>Plain</small>
| {{IPAlink|p}} {{grapheme|p}}
| {{IPAlink|t}} {{grapheme|t}}
|
|
|
| {{IPAlink|k}} {{grapheme|k}}
| {{IPAlink|kʲ}} {{grapheme|ky}}
| {{IPAlink|q}} {{grapheme|q}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPAlink|ʔ}} {{grapheme|{{hamza}}}}
|-
! <small>[[Ejective consonant|Ejective]]</small>
|
| rowspan="2" | {{IPAlink|tʼ}}~{{IPAlink|ɗ̥}} {{grapheme|tʼ}}
|
|
|
| {{IPAlink|kʼ}} {{grapheme|kʼ}}
| {{IPAlink|kʲʼ}} {{grapheme|kyʼ}}
|
|-
!<small>[[Implosive consonant|Implosive]]</small>
|{{IPAlink|ɓ}}~{{IPAlink|ɓ̥}} {{grapheme|bʼ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|{{IPAlink|ʛ̥}} {{grapheme|qʼ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Affricate]]
! <small>Plain</small>
|
| {{IPAlink|t͡s}} {{grapheme|tz}}
| {{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}} {{grapheme|ch}}
| {{IPAlink|ʈ͡ʂ}} {{grapheme|tx}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! [[Ejective consonant|<small></small>]]<small>[[Glottalic consonant|Ejective]]</small>
|
| {{IPAlink|t͡sʼ}} {{grapheme|tzʼ}}
| {{IPAlink|t͡ʃʼ}} {{grapheme|chʼ}}
| {{IPAlink|ʈ͡ʂʼ}} {{grapheme|txʼ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Fricative]]
|
| {{IPAlink|s}} {{grapheme|s}}
| {{IPAlink|ʃ}} {{grapheme|ẍ (xh)}}
| {{IPAlink|ʂ}} {{grapheme|x}}
|
|
|
| {{IPAlink|χ}} {{grapheme|j}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Flap consonant|Flap]]
|
| {{IPAlink|ɾ}} {{grapheme|r}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant]]
|
| {{IPAlink|l}} {{grapheme|l}}
|
|
| {{IPAlink|j}} {{grapheme|y}}
| {{IPAlink|w}} {{grapheme|w}}
|
|
|
|}

* Stop sounds /p, t, t͡s, t͡ʃ, t͡ʂ, k, q/ are released with aspiration [Cʰ] in word-final position.
* Todos Santos Mam has an extended amount of affricate consonants being apical palato-alveolar {{IPA|/t̺͡ʃ̺ʰ, t̺͡ʃ̺ʼ, ʃ̺/}}.<ref>{{Cite book|last=England|first=Nora C.|title=Mam|publisher=London & New York: Routledge.|year=2017|location=The Mayan Languages|pages=500–532}}</ref>

===Syllable structure===
Most roots take the morphological shape CVC.{{sfn|England|1983|p=93}} The only possible root final consonant cluster is -''nC''. Syllables can have up to four consonants in a cluster in any position. Most consonant clusters are the result of vowel dropping and morpheme addition.{{sfn|England|1983|p=38}}