Editing Rusyn language (section)

== Varieties ==

=== {{anchor|Carpathian Rusyn}}Carpathian Rusyn varieties ===
{{see also|Transcarpathian dialect}}
The main continuum of Rusyn varieties stretches from [[Zakarpattia Oblast|Transcarpathia]] and follows the [[Carpathian Mountains]] westward into [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|South-Eastern Poland]] and [[Prešov Region|Eastern Slovakia]], forming an area referred to as [[Carpathian Ruthenia]]. As with any language, all three major [[Variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of Rusyn vary with respect to [[phonology]], [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]], and [[Syntax (linguistics)|syntax]], and have various features unique to themselves, while of course also containing their own, more local sub-varieties. The [[Dialect continuum|continuum]] of Rusyn is agreed to include the varieties known historically as [[Lemko dialect|Lemko]] and [[Boyko dialect|Bojko]], and is also generally accepted to end at or with the [[Hutsul dialect|Hucul]] variety, which is "not included in the Rusyn continuum per se, but represent[s] a linguistic variant .. better seen as a dialect of Ukrainian". As the westernmost member of the family of [[East Slavic languages|East Slavic]] languages, it has also acquired a number of [[West Slavic languages|West Slavic]] features—unique to East Slavic languages—due to prolonged contact with the coterritorial languages of [[Polish language|Polish]] and [[Slovak language|Slovak]].{{Sfn|Pugh|2009|p=3-4}}

==== Literary languages ====
Today, there are three formally codified Rusyn [[Literary language|literary varieties]] and one de facto (Subcarpathian Rusyn). These varieties reflect the culmination of nearly two centuries of activist and academic labor, during which a literary Rusyn language was desired, discussed, and addressed (time and again) by a dedicated intelligentsia. Linguist Stefan M. Pugh notes, "...at every stage someone was thinking of writing in Rusyn; approximately every generation a grammar of some sort would be written but not find wide acceptance, primarily for reasons of a political nature (and of course logistical practicalities)."{{Sfn|Pugh|2009|p=4, 6}}

Some of these earlier grammars include those by [[Dmytrij Vyslockij]]{{Efn|{{langx|rue|Дмитрий Вислоцкий}}}} (''Karpatorusskij bukvar'''{{Efn|{{langx|rue|Карпаторусский букварь}}}}''),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vyslockyj |first1=Dmytryj |year=1931 |location=[[Cleveland]] |language=rue |script-title=ru:Карпаторусский букварь |trans-title=Karpatorusskij bukvar'}}</ref> Vanja Hunjanky'' (1931), [[Metodyj Trochanovskij]] ''(Bukvar: Perša knyžečka dlja narodnıx škol'';{{Efn|{{langx|rue|Буквар. Перша книжечка для народных школ.}}}} 1935),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trochanovskij |first1=Metodyj |year=1935 |location=[[Lviv]] |language=rue |script-title=ru:Буквар. Перша книжечка для народных школ. |trans-title=Bukvar. Perša knyžečka dlja narodnıx škol. |author-link1=Metodyj Trochanovskij}}
</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Bogdan Horbal |year=2005 |editor1-last=Custer |editor1-first=Richard D. |title=The Rusyn Movement among the Galician Lemkos |url=http://www.lemko.org/scholar/horbal/94.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Rusyn-American Almanac of the Carpatho-Rusyn Society |location=[[Pittsburgh]] |issue=10th Anniversary 2004–2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104045502/http://lemko.org/scholar/horbal/94.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2011 |access-date=23 May 2010 |editor1-link=Richard D. Custer}}</ref> and [[Ivan Harajda]] (1941).{{sfn|Kushko|2007|p=111-132}} Harajda's grammar is particularly notable for having arrived in the midst of a five-year linguistic fervor for Carpatho-Rusyn. From 1939 through 1944 an estimated 1,500 to 3,000 Rusyn-language publications (mostly centered around [[Uzhhorod]], Ukraine) entered print and from 1941 onward, Harajda's grammar was the accepted standard.

{{notelist}}

==== Prešov Rusyn ====
In Slovakia, the Prešov literary variety has been under continuous codification since 1995<ref>{{cite journal |author=Taras Kuzio |year=2005 |title=The Rusyn question in Ukraine: sorting out fact from fiction |url=http://www.taraskuzio.net/Nation%20and%20State%20Building_files/national-rusyns.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism |volume=XXXII |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327140741/http://www.taraskuzio.net/Nation%20and%20State%20Building_files/national-rusyns.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2009 |access-date=2009-12-03 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> when first published by Vasyl Jabur, Anna Plíšková and Kvetoslava Koporová.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} Its namesakes are both the city and region of Prešov, Slovakia—historically, each have been respective centers for Rusyn academia and the Rusyn population of Slovakia.

Prešov Rusyn was based on varieties of Rusyn found in a relatively compact area within the Prešov Region. Specifically, the variety is based on the language spoken in the area between the West Zemplin and East Zemplin Rusyn dialects (even more specifically: a line along the towns and villages of [[Osadné|Osadne]], [[Hostovice, Snina District|Hostovice]], [[Parihuzovce]], [[Čukalovce]], [[Pčoliné|Pcoline]], [[Pichne]], [[Nechválova Polianka|Nechvalova Polianka]], [[Zubné|Zubne]], [[Nižná Jablonka|Nizna Jablonka]], [[Vyšná Jablonka|Vysna Jablonka]], [[Svetlice]], and [[Zbojné|Zbojne]]). And though the many Rusyn dialects of Slovakia entirely surpass the limited set of features prescribed in the standard, this comparatively small sample size was consciously chosen by codifiers in order to provide a structured ecosystem within which a variety of written and spoken language would inevitably (and already did) thrive.{{Sfn|Pugh|2009|p=7}}

Its orthography is largely based on [[Zhelekhivka]],{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} a late 19th century variety of the Ukrainian alphabet.

==== Lemko-Rusyn ====
[[File:Oholoshennia.jpg|thumb|221x221px|An announcement at the Orthodox Church of St. Volodymyr in [[Lemkos|Lemko-Rusyn]] language and [[Polish language|Polish]] in [[Krynica-Zdrój]], Poland ]]
In Poland, a standard [[Lemko language|Lemko-Rusyn]] grammar and dictionary, {{langx|pl|label=none|Gramatyka języka łemkowskiego||Grammar of the Lemko Language}} ({{langx|rue|Ґраматыка лемківского языка|Gramatŷka lemkivskoho jazŷka}}), was published in 2000 by Mirosława Chomiak and {{ill|Henryk Fontański|pl||rue|Генрик Фонтаньски}}, with a second edition issued in 2004.{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=9}}<ref>http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2781/1/2011BaptieMPhil-1.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523095552/http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2781/1/2011BaptieMPhil-1.pdf|date=23 May 2018}}, p. 52.</ref>

==== Subcarpathian Rusyn ====
In Transcarpathia, Ukraine, M. Almašij's and Igor Kerča's {{langx|rue|label=none|Материнськый язык: Писемниця русинського языка|Materyns'kyj jazyk: pysemnycja rusyns'koho jazyka}}, serves as the ''de facto'' literary standard for Subcarpathian, though "unofficial". Published in 1999, with a second edition in 2004, and a 58,000 word Rusyn-Russian dictionary in 2007, Kerča's work has been used by prominent Rusyn publishers in Uzhhorod—albeit with variations between published works that are typical of the spoken language.{{sfn|Magosci|p=87}}{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=10}}

===== Common usage =====
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2022}}

Despite the above codified varieties, many Carpatho-Rusyn publications will use a combination of the three Carpathian standards (most notably in Hungary and in Transcarpathia). There have even attempts to revitalize the pre-war etymological orthography with archaic Cyrillic orthography (i.e. usage of the letter ѣ, or ''yat'''); the latter can be observed throughout Rusyn Wikipedia, where even a single article may be written in several different codified varieties. And while somewhat archaic, used of Harajda's grammar is even promoted by some in [[Rusyn Wikipedia]] (although parts of the articles are written using other standards).

=== Pannonian Rusyn ===
{{Main|Pannonian Rusyn}}

Pannonian Rusyn, has variously been referred to as an incredibly distinct dialect of Carpathian Rusyn or a separate language altogether. In the [[ISO 639|ISO 639-9 identifier]] application for Pannonian Rusyn (or "Ruthenian" as it is referred to in that document), the authors note that "Ruthenian is closest to [a] linguistic entity sometimes called [ {{Langx|sk|východoslovenský}}, {{Langx|rsk|виходнярски|lit=East Slovak|label=Pan. Rusyn}} ],{{Efn-lr|Original text: "Vchodnoslovensky [sic] (віходняски)"}} ... (the speeches of [[Trebišov District|Trebišov]] and [[Prešov District|Prešov]] [districts])."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dulichenko |first=Aleksander D. |date=2020-11-17 |title=SO 639-3 Registration Authority Request for New Language Code Element in ISO 639-3 |url=https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2021/2021-005_rsk.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603072809/https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2021/2021-005_rsk.pdf |archive-date=2021-06-03 |website=SIL International}}</ref>

==== Literary language ====
The literary variety of Serbian and Croatian Rusyns is, again, significantly different from the above three Carpathian varieties in both vocabulary and grammar.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} It was first standardized in 1923 by G. Kostelnik.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} The modern standard has been continuously developed since the 1980s by Julian Ramač, Helena Međeši and Mihajlo Fejsa of Serbia, and Mihály Káprály of Hungary.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}