Editing Sultanate of Rum (section)

===Mongol conquest===
{{main|Mongol conquest of Anatolia}}
[[File:Seljuks of Anatolia, horseman relief, Konya Palace, 13th century.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Frieze with Sultanate of Rum horseman, [[Seljuk palace of Konya|Konya Palace]], 1156-1192.<ref>{{cite book |title=Turks: a journey of a thousand years, 600-1600 |date=2005 |publisher=Royal Academy of Arts ; Distributed in the U.S. and Canada by Harry N. Abrams |location=London : New York |isbn=978-1903973578 |pages=114, 392}}</ref>]]
[[Kaykhusraw II]] (1237–1246) began his reign by capturing the region around [[Diyarbakır]], but in 1239 he had to face an uprising led by a popular preacher named [[Baba Ishak]]. After three years, when he had finally quelled the revolt, the Crimean foothold was lost and the state and the sultanate's army had weakened. It is in these conditions that he had to face a far more dangerous threat, that of the expanding [[Mongols]]. The forces of the [[Mongol Empire]] took [[Erzurum]] in 1242 and in 1243, the sultan was crushed by [[Baiju Noyan|Baiju]] in the [[Battle of Köse Dağ]] (a mountain between the cities of [[Sivas Province|Sivas]] and [[Erzincan]]), resulting in the Seljuk Turks being forced to swear allegiance to the Mongols and became their vassals.<ref name="John Joseph Saunders 1971"/> The sultan himself had fled to Antalya after the battle, where he died in 1246; his death started a period of tripartite, and then dual, rule that lasted until 1260.

The [[Seljuk dynasty|Seljuk]] realm was divided among [[Kaykhusraw II|Kaykhusraw's]] three sons. The eldest, [[Kaykaus II]] (1246–1260), assumed the rule in the area west of the river [[Kızılırmak River|Kızılırmak]]. His younger brothers, [[Kilij Arslan IV]] (1248–1265) and [[Kayqubad II]] (1249–1257), were set to rule the regions east of the river under Mongol administration. In October 1256, Bayju defeated Kaykaus II near [[Aksaray]] and all of Anatolia became officially subject to [[Möngke Khan]]. In 1260 Kaykaus II fled from Konya to Crimea where he died in 1279. Kilij Arslan IV was executed in 1265, and [[Kaykhusraw III]] (1265–1284) became the nominal ruler of all of Anatolia, with the tangible power exercised either by the Mongols or the sultan's influential regents.

[[File:Anatolian Beyliks in 1300.png|thumb|upright=1|The declining Sultanate of Rûm, vassal of the [[Ilkhanate|Mongols]], and the emerging beyliks, c.&nbsp;1300]]
The Seljuk state had started to split into small [[emirate]]s ([[Anatolian beyliks|beyliks]]) that increasingly distanced themselves from both Mongol and Seljuk control. In 1277, responding to a call from Anatolia, the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultan]] [[Baibars]] raided Anatolia and defeated the Mongols at the [[Battle of Elbistan]],{{sfn|Kastritsis|2013|p=26}} temporarily replacing them as the administrator of the Seljuk realm. Following the ensuing chaos, the [[Karamanids]] under [[Shams al-Din Mehmed]] managed to capture [[Konya]], briefly installing [[Jimri]] as a puppet ruler of the Sultanate of Rum. Since the native forces who had called him to Anatolia did not manifest themselves for the defense of the land, Baibars soon had to return to his home base in [[Egypt]], and the Mongol administration was re-assumed, officially and severely. Also, the [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]] captured the Mediterranean coast from [[Gazipaşa|Selinos]] to [[Silifke|Seleucia]], as well as the cities of [[Kahramanmaraş|Marash]] and [[Besni|Behisni]], from the Seljuk in the 1240s.

Near the end of his reign, Kaykhusraw III could claim direct sovereignty only over lands around Konya. Some of the beyliks (including the early Ottoman state) and Seljuk governors of Anatolia continued to recognize, albeit nominally, the supremacy of the sultan in Konya, delivering the [[khutbah]] in the name of the sultans in Konya in recognition of their sovereignty, and the sultans continued to call themselves Fahreddin, ''the Pride of Islam''. When Kaykhusraw III was executed in 1284, the Seljuk dynasty suffered another blow from internal struggles which lasted until 1303 when the son of Kaykaus II, [[Mesud II]], established himself as sultan in [[Kayseri]]. He was murdered in 1308 and his son Mesud III soon afterwards. A distant relative to the Seljuk dynasty momentarily installed himself as emir of Konya, but he was defeated and his lands conquered by the [[Karamanids]] in 1328. The sultanate's monetary sphere of influence lasted slightly longer and coins of Seljuk mint, generally considered to be of reliable value, continued to be used throughout the 14th century, once again, including by the Ottomans.